Dual targeting nano-approaches for Alzheimer’s disease etiology

Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is the most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder of aging.The characteristic features of AD begin as mild cognitive dysfunctions,which gradually progress to the fatal delirium through a total loss of cognition and executive motor functions(Pimplikar et al.,2010).Three decades later from now,more than 100 million people will suffer from AD worldwide by making it the most expensive disease(Prince et al.,2013;Bloom,2014).The major pathological hallmarks of the AD is the extracellular amyloid-beta(Aβ)plaques deposition and the intracellular neurofibrillary tangle-aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau-proteins.Despite the fact that Aβand tau-phosphorylation is the primary etiology for the AD,the recent concern developed on anti-amyloid mechanisms,such as cholinergic dysfunction and reactive oxygen species(ROS)generation.The current most prevalent clinical arena is,treating amyloid or non-amyloid hypothesis individually.However,the intercorrelated nature of amyloid and non-amyloid hypothesis governs the need of the intervention of combined diagnostic approaches.