论我国突发公共卫生事件应急处置制度的法律规制

The Legal Regulation of Emergency Handling System in Public Health Events

在风险社会中,突发公共卫生事件的爆发频率和破坏程度呈指数上升,对社会秩序和公共利益造成严重威胁。作为危机应对的核心举措,应急处置制度存在立法滞后、权力合法性基础薄弱和利益分配困难的固有矛盾,导致“有组织地不负责任”现象的产生。为有效化解矛盾,法律规制势在必行。据现实考察,在我国“一案三制”的基本框架下,应急处置制度总体较为完备,但依然存在导致“应急失灵”的风险因素,其背后反映出立法结构、权责配置和机制设计的缺陷。对此,应从理念、立法、体制、机制四个维度进行制度规制:增强应急处置的服务属性和治理元素,推动各层级法律规范的适时更新,完善权责配置和监督方式,形成紧密衔接、有序运行的防控、救助、补偿和保障机制。

In risk society,the burst frequency and damage degree of Public Health Events has been skyrocketed,it threatened social order and public interest seriously.As a response to crisis,emergency handling system has inherent contradictions in delay of legislation,a weak legitimacy basis in authority and difficulty in profit distribution.It causes the phenomenon of organized irresponsibility.To effectively resolve conflicts,legal regulation is necessary.According to reality investigation,our country’s basic system frame named“one case,three systems”,and it is relatively complete in general.However,it still has risk factors which lead to malfunction,and it reflects defects in legislative structure,rights and responsibilities allocation as well as in mechanism design.In this regard,the system should be regulated from four dimensions.In notion level,the system ought to strengthen service attributes and governance elements in emergency handling.In legislation level,all legal norms must be updated in time.In structure level,the law needs to improve the allocation of rights and responsibilities with the method of supervision.Last but not least,mechanisms shall be tightly aligned and operated orderly in prevention,control,rescue,compensation and assurance.