让知性重新成为理性--黑格尔《差异》的“理性”概念

Bringing Understanding to Reason Again: Hegel's Concept of Reason in Difference-Book

黑格尔的“理性”概念包含着他在存在论和方法论上的独特主张,是其成熟时期哲学体系的真正基石。雅可比对理性主义哲学的批判及其关于“知性”与“理性”的区分,对黑格尔的理性观产生了重要的影响。在耶拿早期的《差异》一书中,黑格尔表明,包括康德、费希特在内的传统理性主义哲学,将存在的根据和世界的可理解性归根于一种通过否定差异和矛盾所达到抽象的同一性,将空洞的主观理性的统一当作绝对,将统一的、活生生的理性变成僵化的、对立的知性,从而导致了理性自身的异化和时代教化的分裂。而黑格尔的哲学吸收了古代怀疑论和柏拉图的辩证法的积极因素,试图通过揭示理性自身的二律背反的积极意义,扬弃知性反思所产生的对立,将矛盾与差异转化为理性同一性的内在原理,使僵化的知性重新成为真正的理性。对黑格尔早期理性观念的探究,有助于我们超越“青年黑格尔”与“老年黑格尔”之间的简单对立,将黑格尔前后期的思想作为一个内在连贯的统一整体来把握。

Hegel's concept of reason which contains original ideas of his ontology, methodology, and epistemology, is the foundation of his mature system of philosophy. Jacobi's critique of rationalist philosophy and his effort to make a distinction between reason and understanding had a significant impact on Hegel's development. In the Difference-Book of his early Jena period, Hegel argued that the traditional rationalism including Kant and Fichte's philosophy grounded the rationality of the world on an abstract identity of subjective reason, resulted in an alienation of the reason itself. Hegel's philosophy tried to bring the rigid understanding to the authentic reason again. By absorbing the positive elements of ancient skepticism and Plato's dialectics, Hegel revealed the positive significance of the antinomies, and transformed the contradiction and difference to the self-identity of reason, so that philosophy can sublate the dichotomies produced by the reflection, and justify the actuality and necessity of reason. Investigating to Hegel's early idea of reason can help us overcoming the ossified opposition between young Hegelians and old Hegelians, and comprehending Hegel's early and late idea as a coherent whole.