杜诗“会当临绝顶”异文探讨——兼议古籍整理中的“较胜”选择

A Case Study on the Variant in Du Fu's Verse Gazing at Mount Tai

异文是抄本时代作品流传中的常见现象,也是经典作品经典化过程中的一个重要现象。就杜甫代表作之一《望岳》的异文展开讨论,从目前的存世宋本看,二王本是众多校注本的底本,该诗最后一联作“会当临绝顶,一览众山小”,其中“临”字在稍晚的蔡注本和清代的钱钞本中皆作“临”。二王本之后的赵次公注本始作“凌”,受赵注本影响的相关版本或其他版本皆作“凌”。在底本无误时,对异文采取“较胜”的选择,还要从更多方面进行综合评判。从存世最早的宋本及“临”“凌”二字的义涵、唐宋诗人的引证借用、评论及演变等进行分析,可以认为“临绝顶”可能最为接近杜甫《望岳》一诗原貌,最好的办法是正文作“临”,异文标“凌”,即“会当临一作凌绝顶”,庶可两全。明清以后,因“临”“凌”的义涵趋于接近,加之杜集在此异文上多定于“凌”,清诗中的“凌绝顶”也就出现得更多。

The variant is a common phenomenon in the circulation during the period of manuscript writing as well as an important one in the canonization of classic works. This article discusses the variants in one of Du Fu(712-770)'s masterpieces Gazing at Mount Tai (望岳). Based on the current surviving Song(960-1279) versions, Two-Wang version was regarded as a master copy marks as “face(临)”, while another later contemporary Cai's annotated version and Qian's hand-copied manuscript in Qing(1636-1911) version also marked the same character. Besides, Zhao's annotated version (fl. 1130) marks as “rise high(凌)” firstly and has influenced many subsequent versions. The question which variant is premium depends on the comprehensive consideration. In my opinion, “face” should be the original syllable according to the earliest survived Song version, definitions of two words, and analysis on the usages and remarks of Tang-Song China poets. However, “rising high” has been in the mainstream in late imperial China, not only in traditional philology but also in poetry writing.