备御与控御:明代民兵的基层控制功能探析

Preparation and Control:The Grassroots Control Function of the Militia in Ming Dynasty

明代实行军民分籍制度,兵主要指民兵,来自民户。明代民兵名号众多,但就其基层控制功能而言却相差无几。明代国家平时以民兵控制越轨,守卫城池,危难时无军州县赖民兵以备御,择选民兵以备警急,打击寇盗,维持治安;战时则驱民兵冲先,以保存官军,以民兵来补官军之不足。明代民兵是基层社会最主要的军事控制力量,对维护地方秩序,保境安民起到不可替代的作用。

In Ming Dynasty,the system of separation of military and civilian nationality was carried out.Soldiers mainly refer to the militia and come from civilian households.There are many names of the militia in Ming Dynasty,but their basic control function is almost the same.In the Ming Dynasty,the state used the militia to control the deviance and guard the city.When in danger,the uninhabited States and counties relied on the militia to prepare for the emperor,and selected the militia to prepare for the police emergency,so as to crack down on bandits and maintain public order;in wartime,it drove the militia to rush ahead,so as to preserve the government and army,and use the militia to make up for the deficiency of the government and army.In the Ming Dynasty,the militia was the main military control force in the grass-roots society,which played an irreplaceable role in maintaining local order,protecting the territory and stabilizing the people.