人类学视野中山东省巨野县前王庄民居营造

Vernacular Construction in Qianwangzhuang Village,Juye County,Shandong Province from the Perspective of Anthropology

为了探究前王庄民居的实质营造特征,即影响其位置和形状,材料和构造,结构和工艺的要素,课题组运用人类学的参与观察,深度访谈和建筑学的测绘方法对该村的自然,社会、建筑状况进行研究。在梳理工匠、屋主口述资料和典型院落测绘资料的基础上,进行了民居术语的梳理,总结了典型院落在营造方法和日常、庆典时期的用法,最后将营造规律和建筑遗存进行比对。结论:从聚落视角看:院落布局受出路方向和基地大小限定,北屋、西屋、南屋均可为主房,以北屋为主房最常见。从社会视角看:院落空间组织是以宗庙为本位,即主导空间是由轴线上的明间、院落和过道等组成的仪式空间,而辅助空间是由位于边缘和填充位置的卧室、厨房、贮藏、厕所等组成的生活空间。营造上,有定性不定量特征。从个体角度看:人体尺度及由其延伸出的家具尺度和营造尺是影响民居空间的重要因素。

The research group systematically studies in the Qianwangzhuang village about its natural environment,society and architecture by participant observation,in-depth interview in anthropology and mapping method in architecture,in order to explore the substantive construction characteristics which consists of location,shapes,materials,construction,structure and techniques.Based on the information of the oral dictation from craftsmen and house owners,and the typical courtyard drawings,this article reviews the vernacular terms,summarizes the quintessential construction methods and usage daily or in ceremony.Finally,it compared the regulation of construction with the remaining buildings.In conclusion,from the perspective of settlement,the main house usually located in the north,meanwhile it can also be decided in the south or west if the courtyard layout is limited by the exit direction and scales.As for the society,the courtyard spatial organization takes ancestral temples as standard,which means the leading space is the ritual space composed by the middle rooms,courtyard,corridors and other located in axis.On the other hand,the ancillary space is the living space including bedrooms,kitchens,store rooms,toilets at edge.The construction is qualitative rather than quantitative.For the individuals,the main fact that influence the space is the anthropometric dimension,the extended furniture scales and construction ruler.