基于活动的瓶颈模型和收费机制:研究进展评述

Activity-based bottleneck model and charging mechanism:A literature review

Vickrey于1969年应用确定性排队理论,首次提出了一个能导致所有出行者具有相同交通费用的内生出发时间选择模型,即著名的瓶颈模型.50年前,Vickrey提出的瓶颈模型以出行作为分析单位,没有考虑出行与活动之间的相互关联.近年来,出现的基于活动的瓶颈模型考虑了时变活动效用对通勤者出发时间选择的影响.瓶颈处的排队延误纯粹是一种社会损失,拥挤收费是消减瓶颈排队延误的有效的经济手段,而瓶颈模型是研究拥挤收费的强有力工具.本文回顾了瓶颈模型的研究进展,介绍了经典的瓶颈模型和基于活动的瓶颈模型的基础理论,分析和比较了两类模型最优动态收费和最优阶梯收费下的解及其消除排队延误的效率.

Vickrey first proposed an endogenous departure time decision model using the deterministic queuing theory in 1969,called bottleneck model.At equilibrium,all travelers have the same travel cost regardless of their departure time.The bottleneck model proposed by Vickrey fifty years ago used the trip as the unit of analysis without considering the correlation between trip and activity connected by a trip.However,the activity-based bottleneck model recently proposed has considered the impact of timevarying activity utility on the commuter’s departure time decision.The queuing delay at a bottleneck is purely a deadweight loss to the society.Congestion pricing is an effective economic measure to reduce bottleneck queuing delay,and the bottleneck model is a powerful tool for investigating congestion pricing problems.This paper provides a review of the research progress of the bottleneck model,introduces the basic theories of standard bottleneck model and activity-based bottleneck model,and analyzes and compares two models’equilibrium solutions and their efficiencies in eliminating bottleneck queuing delays under the optimal dynamic time-varying toll scheme and optimal step toll scheme.