江户时代日本出岛的商馆医师与异域医药文化交流

Doctors in Dutch Factory and Medical Culture Exchange with Abroad on Dejima Island in Japan during Edo Period

出岛荷兰商馆从1641年建立到1859年日本开港期间,前后约有63名外籍医师曾经驻馆。①近年来随着欧洲收藏的相关记录的公开和荷兰语《兰馆日记》的翻译出版,江户时代来自异域的医药文化经由出岛的外籍医师在日本传播,并与传统医药学知识相互影响的历史脉络逐渐清晰。本文通过日本及欧洲的相关史料,还原外籍医师中的代表性人物在日医学活动情况,梳理江户时代西方医药学在日本传播、发展过程,探求明治维新后日本成功实现医药学近代化的历史原因。

Dejima island in Nagasaki,the residence of the Dutch East India Company during the Edo period,was the only window for the pre-modern Japan to accept western trade goods,ideology and culture.Through this window,Japan received a large number of western medical techniques,algorithms and other techniques,and even formed a unique“Dutch Studies”at that time.The medical part of“Dutch Studies”,which was named“Dutch Medicine”,was mainly based upon surgical treatment,which was different from the traditional Chinese medicine and thus highly valued by the Shogunate Government.The establishment and dissemination of“Dutch Medicine”mainly relied on foreign physicians stationed in the Dutch Factory on the island.These physicians not only brought western medicine knowledge and books such as humoral pathology,pharmacology and anatomy,but also taught Japanese experimental techniques such as distillation,purification and anatomy.Western medical and pharmaceutical knowledge,through the practice and dissemination of Japanese translation at that time,laid the foundation of western medical and pharmaceutical science in early Japan.Its development and expansion even influenced the development directions of western medical roads chosen by modern Japan,which is a typical example of diversified communication between eastern and western medical cultures.Through the study on the interaction and integration of medicine and pharmacy,the communication relationship between Europe and Japan in the edo period can be further restored,which is an academic field to be expanded in the history of Eurasian communication.