制造异国:《隋书》“流求国”记录的解构与重释

The Fabrication of Foreign Country:Deconstruction and Re-interpretation of the Ryukyu Records in SuiShu

引言“流求国”,①最早出现在唐初编撰的《隋书》中。自《隋书》首次以正史外国传的形式记入该国后,经唐、宋、元的历代累积,明以前的古典文献中形成了相对丰富但又论述各异的“流求国”记录。明朝初年,朱元璋以“琉球国”之名诏谕今琉球群岛上的政权,同其建立封贡关系。此后,“琉球国”逐渐成为后来的琉球王国的专称。明清时期,唐、宋、元史籍中的“流求国”记录,多被时人当作琉球王国的早期记录,而琉球王国在编修国史时也将这些记录作为追述自身历史的重要史料来源。近代以来,西方汉学家质疑明清时期的“明以前史籍中的流求=明以后琉球王国”的固有认知,并通过史地考证的方法提出明以前“流求”指台湾岛而非琉球群岛的观点。

In the study of SuiShu·Ryukyu,the most controversial problem is the position of the country it described.This paper,through the analysis of Ryukyu records in SuiShu,pointed out that there were five overseas activities of ZhuKuan and ChenLing during the Sui period and they have different motives and destinations.In the form of foreign biography,SuiShu·Ryukyu has shaped Ryukyu as an island country in the East China Sea.Through the subjective choice of historical materials by the writers of SuiShu·Ryukyu,these unrelated overseas activities records were integrated and narrated as the process from discovery to visit to comfort and finally ruin of Ryukyu by Sui Dynasty.This narrative construction by SuiShu has led to the diversity and confusion in the image and position of the country it has shaped.This is an important reason why it is difficult to reach a consensus on the position of Ryukyu described by SuiShu in modern times.