风力发电机叶片雷击接闪特性研究综述

Review of Research on Lightning Striking Performance of Wind Turbine Blade

风力发电已成为全球领域推荐能源转型的核心技术和应对气候变化的重要途径。雷击是造成风力发电机损坏的主要原因之一。由于风电机结构和机组位置的特殊性,其雷击特性和防护措施与普通雷击目标物具有明显差异。该文对近年来风电场雷击自然观测、雷击风机模拟试验、雷击风机接闪过程数值计算以及接闪失效和系统优化设计等方面的研究前沿进展进行了总结和分析。主要结论为:1)由于风机尺寸越来越大,风力发电机雷击风险与上行先导关系更紧密,不同极性的雷电引发风机上行先导能力存在差异,进而影响到风机的接闪特性。2)由于风机长时间处于旋转状态,叶片旋转会影响风力发电机的引雷能力和接闪位置,但目前研究对旋转影响风机接闪放电过程机理的阐释仍未完善。3)风机数量、安装位置、外部环境等对风电机组雷击风险有较大影响,风电机组群多先导相互竞争的接闪机制以及雷击风险评估方法还有待深入研究。4)目前叶片接闪系统设计简单,设计未能充分考虑风力发电机实际接闪过程和雷击机理,接闪系统的科学性有待进一步论证。

Wind power has become a core technology for energy conversion in the global area and an important way to deal with climate change.Lightning stroke is one of the important factors causing damage to wind turbines.Due to particularity of the structure and position of wind turbines,the lightning striking characteristics and protective measures are significantly different from those of ordinary lightning striking targets.This paper summarizes and analyzes the research progress in the field of natural lightning striking observation in wind farm,lightning striking simulation test,numerical calculation of lightning discharge process and lightning flash failure and optimization design in recent years.The main conclusions are as follows:1)As the size of a wind turbine is larger,the risk of lightning strikes of wind turbines is more related to upward leader.The different polarities of lightning cause differences in initiation and development of the upward leader from wind turbines,which in turn affects the lightning characteristics of the wind turbines.2)Since the blade is in a rotating state for a long time,the rotation of the blade will affect the lightning attracting ability and the flashing position of the wind turbine.However,the mechanism of the process of lightning striking to wind turbine is still needed to be further researched.3)The quantity,installation position and outer environment of the wind turbine have great influences on the risk of lightning strikes to wind turbine.The flashing mechanism of the wind turbine group with multiple leader and the lightning risk assessment method should be further studied.4)At present,the design of the blade lightning system is simple,which is not designed via proper progress and mechanism of lightning striking to wind turbine.The accident of shielding failure occurs frequently,and the optimal design of the lightning terminal needs further demonstration.