公文书与唐前期司法政务运行--以奏抄和发日敕为中心

Oificial Documents and the Mechanism in Which the Government Ran Its Judiciary Affairs in the Early Tang Dynasty:Focusing on Zouchao(奏抄)and Farichi(发日敕)

在唐前期,奏抄和发日敕都适用于司法政务中“流已上罪”的裁决,但从文书功能与处理程序来看,它们实际上是两种适用范围不同的公文书。作为常行公文,奏抄适用于律令格式已经做出明确规定的国家常行政务。由于已经具有法定裁决依据,官员实际上成为常行政务的最终裁决者。而作为“王言”,发日敕适用于基于身份制国家所带来的特殊问题或特殊案情,以及社会经济发展本身所带来的超出既有法典规定的新问题。这些问题需皇帝以制敕临时处分。所以,发日敕更多地体现了古代中国君主意志作为法的渊源之根本要素,以及皇帝所具有的“终审”之权。

Zouchao(奏抄)and Farichi(发日敕)were two kinds of documents in the Early Tang Dynasty,but both of them were applied in various just]c iary rases at that time,such as the case criminals had been sentenced the Iiu(流)/banishment or death penalty.The similar functions of these two items bring about ronfusion.Compared with Farichi(发日敕),Zourhao(奏抄)was used to judge the case by civil officials in accordance with the law.Meanwhile,officials has to apply for a Farichi(发日敕)from the emperor to pass a sentence in case that they cannot find suitable law for an case.That is the main difference between Zourhao(奏抄)and Farichi(发日敕)。