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数智时代的零工经济:不止于一场工作的革命 被引量:9

The Gig Economy in the Digital Intelligence Era:More Than a Revolution of Work
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摘要 随着数智时代的来临,以“企业—员工”到“平台—个人”为根本特征的零工经济,悄然带来一场工作的革命:《中华人民共和国职业分类大典》从2015年新增“快递小哥”到2020年2月新增“外卖小哥”;7月初,人力资源和社会保障部联合国家市场监管总局、统计局又官宣以“直播带货”为鲜明特征的互联网营销师这一新职业的诞生。新型工作形式在中国社会的普及,不仅释放着零工经济的巨大能量,而且日渐构成民众生活不可或缺的元素,已然成为社会变革的引擎。尤其在突袭而来的新冠肺炎疫情背景下,当常态化经济和正规就业遭遇前所未有的挑战,数字产业与地摊经济却在危中存机。为探讨这场工作的革命的发展脉络与内在逻辑,特别是其对于宏观经济、社会治理、万众创新的挑战,《探索与争鸣》编辑部与上海汇智经济学与管理学发展基金会特邀相关领域专家,举办了“零工经济与数字产业:后疫情社会的新动能”圆桌会议,几经酝酿,集结成文,以飨读者。 With the advent of the digital intelligence era,the gig economy has quietly brought about a revolution in work.The popularity of new forms of work not only releases huge energy,but also constitutes an indispensable element of people’s life,and has become the engine of social change.Especially after the emergence of the novel coronavirus,the normalization economy and formal employment are facing unprecedented challenges.Opportunities and risks coexist in the digital industry and the stall economy.Professor Qiu Zeqi believes that the substitution of machines for work means that the work revolution in the intelligence era has come.More importantly,this revolution makes people’s work go out of the local areas,and pushes to a larger scope,even the whole world.Professor Zhu Dajian believes that the mainstream of China’s gig economy is low skilled manual workers,which plays a role of“employment pool”for the current development.Professor Zhang Jun believes that the development of gig economy and technology poses three theoretical challenges to macroeconomics,namely,the traditional monetary policy,development economics and national economic accounting.Professor Wang Ning believes that the different experiences of different types of casual jobs depend on the interconnection and the three irreplaceable conditions of workers.High skilled casual workers and low skilled casual workers respectively make use of the non substitutability of skill threshold conditions and on-site service conditions to make up for their lack of irreplaceable under the system protection conditions.Professor Wang Ning believes that high skilled casual workers and low skilled casual workers make up for the lack of institutional protection by taking advantage of the skill threshold and the non substitutability of on-site service conditions.Researcher Wang Dehua believes that the changes in the labor relations of the gig economy have brought impact on the normal operation of the traditional social insurance system.In the future,we can consider reconstructing the current pension and medical insurance system with the mode of“social security value-added tax”.Professor Dong Baohua believes that the development of epidemic situation and the change of business format bring about the legal proposition of gig economy.The sharing economy promotes the legal change of incremental employment,and the sharing employee promotes the legal change of existing employment.Professor Liu Wenjing believes that it is necessary to clarify the basic and derivative legal relations and their corresponding legal liabilities.The protection of gig jobs,especially those with low skills and low income,should take precedence over the protection of platform enterprises.Professor Wang Xing believes that the economic model of odd jobs is not conducive to getting rid of the“bondage and exploitation”state of low skilled casual workers,nor is it conducive to the formation of skills.Therefore,it is necessary for the state to timely issue policies and build diversified cost sharing channels.
作者 李梅 邱泽奇 诸大建 张军 王宁 汪德华 董保华 刘文静 王星 Qiu Zeqi;Zhu Dajian;Zhang Jun;Wang Ning;Wang Dehua;Dong Baohua;Liu Wenjing;Wang Xing
出处 《探索与争鸣》 CSSCI 北大核心 2020年第7期4-31,157,共29页 Exploration and Free Views
基金 国家社会科学基金重大项目“发展分享经济的社会环境与社会问题研究”(16ZDAO82)阶段性研究成果 国家自然科学基金面上项目(71773139)阶段性成果 国家社科基金重大项目“新社会阶层的社会流动与社会政治态度研究”(17ZDA111)阶段性成果。
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