“由不得”“不由得”的句法语义及历时演变

Syntactic and Semantic Analysis and Diachronic Evolution of“youbude(由不得)”and“buyoude(不由得)”

同素异序词“由不得”和“不由得”的来源不同:“由不得”来源于“由得”,是对“由得”的否定;“不由得”来源于“不由”,是由“不由”加上后缀“得”形成的。两者历时演变的路径基本相同:都是先从短语词汇化为动词,再从动词进一步语法化为副词。在发生词汇化的时间上,“由不得”(元代)比“不由得”(明代)要早。

The same morphems and different order words“youbude(由不得)”and“buyoude(不由得)”have different origins:“youbude(由不得)”originates from“youde(由得)”,which is the negation of“youde(由得)”;“buyoude(不由得)”originates from“buyou(不由)”,which is formed by“buyou(不由)”plus the suffix“de(得)”.The path of their diachronic evolution is basically the same:first lexicalization of phrases into verbs,and then grammaticalization of verbs into adverbs.In the time of lexicalization,“youbude(由不得)”(Yuan Dynasty)is earlier than“buyoude(不由得)”(Ming Dynasty).