利什曼病疫苗研发的新进展

Advances in the Development of Leishmaniasis Vaccine

利什曼原虫是一种可侵入吞噬宿主细胞的专性细胞内病原体。有20个种类的利什曼原虫可引起利什曼病。大约30种不同的白蛉亚科沙蝇可以通过叮咬传播利什曼原虫。利什曼原虫感染已经成为许多热带和亚热带国家人群重要的卫生健康问题,尤其对难以获得医疗服务的穷人影响更大。利什曼病已经成为仅次于疟疾的最危险的且被忽视的热带病。内脏利什曼病(VL,黑热病)是一种高死亡率的被忽视的热带疾病,主要见于南亚和东非;皮肤利什曼病(CL)在中东、中亚、北非和美洲地区流行,造成容貌损毁。利什曼病每年可造成50,000例死亡和330万伤残。目前只有少数几种药物可以治疗利什曼病,存在副作用大、价格昂贵、耐药供应不足等问题。利什曼病疫苗接种是一种有吸引力且可行的替代方法,但迄今还没有疫苗或药物能完全根除或提供对利什曼病长期有效的免疫力。

Leishmania is an obligate intracellular pathogen that invades phagocytic host cells.This is caused by protozoan parasites belonging to 20 leishmania species.Approximately 30 different species of phelobotomine sandflies can transmit this through their bites.It has become a major health problem in many tropical and subtropical countries.Typically affecting poor population with limited access to health care.Leishmaniasis has been reported as one of the most dangerous neglected tropical diseases,second only to malaria.Visceral leismaniasis(VS,kala-azar)is a high mortality NTD found mostly in South Asia and East Africa,while cutaneous leishmaniasis(CL)is a disfiguring NTD highly endemic in the middle East,Central Asia,North Africa and the Americas Estimates attribute 50,000 annual deaths and 3.3 million disability-adjusted life years to leishmaniasis.There are only few drugs available to treat leishmaniasis.These drugs are insufficient because of adverse effect,costly and drug resistance.Vaccination is an attractive and feasible alternative for leishmaniasis.There is no perfect vaccine or suitable drug to eradicate leismaniasis completely.So far,no vaccine or dmg has been provided to induce long term protection and ensure effective immunity against leishmaniasis.There for it is necessary that intensive research should be performed in drug and vaccine fields to achieve certain results.