谁来认定国家安全例外——乌克兰诉俄罗斯运输限制措施案评析

Who Can Define the National Security Exception——Comments on Russia-Measures Concerning Traffic in Transit Case

[目的/意义]中美贸易争端之始即围绕国际贸易法的国家安全例外条款展开。美国在贸易摩擦中多次借国家安全之名行贸易保护之实。研究国家安全例外条款,有助于我国在涉外法律斗争中运用国际法武器维护国家安全利益。[方法/过程]通过研究世界贸易组织专家组在“乌克兰诉俄罗斯运输限制措施案”中所做报告,梳理《关税及贸易总协定》第21条的适用规则。[结果/结论]明确世贸组织成员虽然总体上有权自行判断其“基本国家安全利益”,但应接受必要性、适用情形和善意原则的限制,以及世贸组织的客观审查。我国应以专家组的裁判为基础,借助国际法规则应对美国单边制裁措施,及时完善国际投资协定的安全例外条款,构建国家安全例外的适用体系。

[Purpose/Significance]The beginning of the China-US trade dispute mainly involves national security exception clause of WTO.In the China-US trade frictions,the US has repeatedly resorted to trade protection yet under the guise of the name of national security.In this regard,studying national security exception clause is helpful for China to utilize international law as means to defend its national security.[Method/Process]By studying the report made by the World Trade Organization Panel in the"Russia-Measures Concerning Traffic in Transit Case",the applicable rules of Article 21 of GATT are clarified.[Result/Conclusion]Although WTO members are eligible to judge what"basic national security interests"are on their own in general,the members'invocation of exception is limited by the principle of necessity,feasibility and good faith,and has to go through objective review by the WTO.Therefore,China should respond to unilateral sanctions by the US based on the panel's report,improve the security exception provisions of international investment agreements in a timely manner,and build an integral national system for national security exceptions.