内蒙古典型生态区不同类型向日葵氮肥响应差异

Differences in responses to nitrogen fertilizer of edible sunflower and oil sunflower in typical ecological zones of Inner Mongolia

利用2006~2016年内蒙古向日葵"3414"田间试验数据,评估食用向日葵和油用向日葵在不同生态区之间的氮肥响应及其差异,并分析土壤基础供氮能力对向日葵氮肥效应的影响。结果显示:推荐施氮条件下,食用向日葵在河套灌区、阴山北麓区和燕山丘陵区的施氮增产幅度分别为35.1%、47.6%和35.5%,偏生产力分别为24.1、22.8和22.7 kg/kg,农学利用率分别为5.6、6.6和5.7 kg/kg;油用向日葵在河套灌区、大兴安岭南麓区和燕山丘陵区的施氮增产幅度分别为32.8%、39.3%和18.9%,偏生产力分别为26.2、39.7和37.7 kg/kg,农学利用率分别为5.6、10.8和6.0 kg/kg。食葵和油葵的100 kg籽粒吸氮量均值分别为4.6和4.7 kg,吸收利用率分别为30.1%和38.9%,生理利用率分别为20.3和20.8 kg/kg。上述结果表明,内蒙古食葵施氮的增产效果优于油葵,食葵产量对外源氮肥的依赖程度也高于油葵,因而食葵相较于油葵更应重视氮肥的管理和调控;不同生态区自然环境和土壤地力的差异也显著影响了向日葵的氮肥增产效应,河套灌区应积极进行土壤培肥,燕山丘陵区和大兴安岭南麓区可适当增加施氮量,阴山北麓区则应以维持向日葵需求为标准适当减少施氮量。

A total of 392 sunflower“3414”field experiments were conducted in Inner mongolia during 2006~2016,the data in these experiments were collected in this study,aiming to compare sunflower yield response to N fertilizer and investigate the effects of soil indigenous N supply on N fertilizer responses of sunflower yield among different ecological zones.The results showed that N fertilizer application played an important role for ensuring high yield in the sunflower production of Inner mongolia.The relative yield increase of edible sunflower to N fertilizer was 35.1%in the Hetao irrigation distric(t HID),47.6%in the northern foot of Yinshan mountain(NFYM)and 35.5%in the hilly area of Yanshan mountain(HAYM),respectively.The relative yield increase of oil sunflower to N fertilizer was 32.8%in the HID,39.3%in the southern foot of the greater hinggan(SFGH)and 18.9%in the HAYM,respectively.Under current optimal N application rate condition,the PFPN of edible sunflower was averaged at 24.1 kg/kg in the HID,22.8 kg/kg in the NFYM,and 22.7 kg/kg in the HAYM;and the values of NAE were 5.6,6.6,and 5.7 kg/kg in the three ecological zones,respectively.The PFPN of oil sunflower was averaged at 26.2 kg/kg in the HID,39.7 kg/kg in the SFGH,and 37.7 kg/kg in the HAYM;and the values of NAE were 5.6,10.8,and 6.0 kg/kg in the three ecological zones,respectively.Furthermore,N absorption of 100 kg seeds of edible sunflower and oil sunflower were 4.6 and 4.7 kg,N recovery efficiencies(NRE)were 30.1%and 38.9%,and N physiological efficiencies(NPE)were 20.3 and 20.8 kg/kg in Inner Mongolia,respectively.In conclusion,compared with oil sunflower,yield response to N fertilizer was relatively higher for edible sunflower.As a result,N fertilizer management and adjustment should receive more attention for the edible sunflower production than oil sunflower in Inner mongolia.N fertilizer response to sunflower yield was significantly affected by ecological zones due to natural environment characteristics and soil fertility,and thereby N fertilizer should be allocated and managed appropriately in the crop production based on regional soil indigenous N supply and crop response to N fertilization.It is suggested that the technology of efficient and water saving irrigation should be widely extrapolated in addition to soil fertility building in the HID,and the current N application rate should be increased slightly in combination with effective cultivation practices in the HAYM and SFGH,while it should be reduced properly in line with the demand of the sunflower for N in the NFYM.