民法典时代格式条款行政规制研究——基于地方性法规文本的实证分析

Research on the Administrative Regulation of Standard Terms Under the Civil Code——Empirical Analysis Based on the Text of Local Laws and Regulations

格式条款法律规制包含两大层面,一为个别合同关系微观层面,二为整体市场宏观层面。前一层面上的格式条款滥用行为主要由私法加以调整,但私法难以应对整体市场层面的格式条款滥用实践。行政规制摆脱了具体合同关系束缚而直指格式条款本身,在管控格式条款“交易秩序塑造功效”方面独具优势。通过对采集的二十八项地方性法规进行疏解,依次提炼出“规制对象”“规制主体”“规制手段”“法律责任”及“规制效力非免责性”等要点。以前述要点为依据,行政规制功能应定位于“格式条款内容监管”,其规制结果不涉及效力评价且无终局性,其基本属性应为管理型规制而非裁断型规制,其主导意旨则应兼具主动性与谦抑性。最终而言,从市场秩序管理角度而非法律争议解决角度审视行政规制,当属认识与完善该机制时的根本立足点。

The legal regulation of standard terms includes two levels:one is the micro level of individual contract relationship,the other is the macro level of the whole market.The abuse of standard terms on the former level is mainly regulated by private law,but it is difficult for private law to deal with the abuse of standard terms on the whole market level.The administrative regulation gets rid of the shackles of the specific contractual relationship and points directly to the standard terms themselves,which has unique advantages in controlling the“trading order shaping effect”of the standard terms.Through the analysis of 28 local regulations,the key points of“regulatory object”,“regulatory subject”,“regulatory means”,“legal liability”and“non exemption of regulatory effect”are extracted in turn.On the basis of the above points,the function of administrative regulation should be located in“content supervision of standard terms”.Its regulatory results do not involve effectiveness evaluation and have no finality.Its basic attribute should be management regulation rather than discretionary regulation,and its dominant purpose should be both initiative and modest.Finally,it is the fundamental foothold of understanding and improving the mechanism to examine administrative regulation from the perspective of market order management rather than legal dispute resolution.