人乳微生物组学

Human milk microbiome

母乳中含有其自身的微生物菌群,可能对母体的乳腺健康、喂养儿的肠道菌群定植以及对病原体的防护等具有重要意义。人乳微生物组学采用现代分子生物学技术,研究人乳中存在的微生物种类、数量和影响因素,以及通过母乳喂养对喂养儿免疫功能的启动、肠道免疫功能发育和对营养与健康状况的近期影响和远期效应。人乳微生物组学方法包括16S和宏基因组测序、高通量培养、基因芯片、荧光原位杂交等。母乳喂养婴儿和配方食品喂养婴儿的肠道菌群构成和活性均有明显差异。围产期因素改变或影响母乳和母乳喂养儿微生物组的发育,如遗传因素、分娩方式、过量使用抗生素、膳食不均衡、卫生洁癖以及持续压力/应激等。本文介绍了人乳微生物组学基本概念、母乳与配方食品喂养对婴儿肠道微生物组的影响、影响母乳微生物组的潜在因素、调节人乳微生物组的潜在意义等。

Human milk contains maternal microbial flora,which may have important impact on maternal breast health,infant’s colonization of intestinal flora and protection against pathogens.Human milk microbiome uses modern molecular biology techniques to research the type,quantity and influencing factors of microorganisms present in human milk,to discover its function on immune initiation,development,and impacts on the nutrition and health status of breastfed infants in short-term and long-term.Methods used in human milk microbiome include 16 S,metagenomic sequencing,high-throughput cultivation,gene chip,fluorescence in situ hybridization and so on.There are significant differences in the composition and activity of intestinal flora between breastfed and formula-fed infants.Perinatal factors can change or affect the development of human milk microbiome,such as genetic factors,delivery mode,overdoses of antibiotics,imbalanced diet,hygienic habit,and sustained pressure/stress.This paper introduces the basic concept of human milk microbiome,the impact of breast milk and infant formula on infant gut microbiome,the possible factors affecting human milk microbiome,and the potential benefits of regulating human milk microbiome.