马克思理论批判的实践哲学解读

On Karl Marx’s Theoretical Critique from the Perspective Of Practical Philosophy

作为马克思理论批判的对象,无论是传统哲学理论还是古典政治经济学抑或历史编纂学等,无不预设了“旁观者”的视角,即假定理论家是一位处于世界之外的、从整体上掌握了全部真理的、高高在上的旁观者。这一视角不仅造就了传统理论在对待现实不幸时的冷漠无情,还把许多重大的社会问题排斥在理论考察之外。马克思的理论批判,不仅批判各种具体的理论观点,更是从根本上以参与者的实践视角替换旁观者的理论视角,使得普通个人的日常生活及历史实践成为理论的核心关切,从而将理论转换为大众批判社会现实并采取革命行动的理论武器。经过批判,理论与实践的关系也由传统的二元论关系变为实践领域内部的理论—实践的互动关系,因为实践是包括理论与实践在内的全部历史筹划。在这部历史筹划中,每个个体都是平等的参与者和推动者,都既是理论家也是实践家,主体性的反思与自由的政治行动已不再是理论家或政治精英的特权。

Traditional philosophy,classical political economics and historiography all presuppose the perspective of“spectator”,that is,the theorists are the superior onlookers,standing outside the world and grasping the comprehensive truth of the world.As a target of Karl Marx’s theoretical critique,such a perspective not only leads the traditional theorists to treat real miseries without sympathy,but also excludes many important social problems from theoretical thinking.Being more than a critique of various specific theoretical opinions,Marx’s theoretical critique makes the daily life and historical practice of ordinary people the main theoretical concern,taking the perspective of“participant”instead of“spectator”,thus transforming theories to theoretical weapons for both the critique of reality and revolutionary actions.Through the critique,the relationship between theory and practice changes from the traditional dualist relation to the mutual relation of theory-practice inside the practical life,as practice is a whole historical picture including both theory and practice.In such a picture,every individual is an equal participant in history,as both a theorist and an activist,and therefore,subjective reflections and free political actions are no longer the privileges of theorists or political elites.