美国高等教育系统如何实施应急管理?——基于《高等教育机构应急管理行动指南(2013)》的分析

Implementation of Emergency Management in American Higher Education System:Analysis of 2013 Action Guide for Emergency Management of Higher Education Institutions

在自然灾害、公共卫生、暴力威胁、校园安全、恐怖主义及军事冲突等公共事件应急管理上,美国高等教育系统以《高等教育机构应急管理行动指南》为行动指导纲领,既从"指导理念、应急决策、组织架构、实践响应"维度明确了应急管理的总体方略,也从校本应急预案制定渐次推进角度明确了高等教育机构应急管理的理论规程,更以保护高等教育系统稳态运营为核心规制出"预防、准备、响应、恢复"各应对阶段的具体施策举措。其各类公共事件的应急管理,总体上体现出"校本预案制定科学、应急培训演习到位、响应推进步调清晰"的积极价值,但同时也潜隐着应急体系松散、管理协同不足、社会动员有限、响应效率不高等明显弊病。对美国高等教育系统应急管理进行审思,对于我国相关领域的应急管理实践有一定的辩证参考意义。

In the emergency management of public events such as"natural disasters,public health,threats of violence,campus security,terrorism and military conflict",the American higher education system takes the action guide for emergency management of higher education institutions as its action guidance program,which defines the overall strategy of emergency management from the dimensions of"management decision-making,organizational structure,guiding concept and practical response".The school-based emergency plan is formulated from the perspective of gradual promotion,which clarifies the theoretical rules of emergency management of higher education institutions;more importantly,with the protection of the steady-state operation of higher education system as the core,it regulates the measures of"prevention,preparation,response and recovery"in various response stages.The whole emergency management of public events generally embodies the positive values of"clear guidance strategy,complete plan,in place training and exercise,dynamic response and implementation".However,at the same time,there are many disadvantages such as"insufficient coordination of emergency management,low efficiency of social emergency mobilization,low efficiency of response and decision-making".The review of emergency management in American higher education system has certain dialectical reference significance for emergency management practice in related fields in China.