建成环境与心理健康研究进展的述评与展望——基于疗愈视角的文献综述研究

Review and Prospect on the Research of the Relationship Between Built Environment and Mental Health:Literature Review Based on the Perspective of Restorative Environment

当前居民心理健康问题日益突出。总结建成环境与心理健康关系,探讨建成环境对心理健康的疗愈作用,制定恢复性空间优化策略及规划设计导则,成为城市规划领域的前沿课题,对实现“健康中国”目标具有重大意义。本文先对国内外核心合集数据库中的文献进行研究趋势分析,再选取其中50篇文献对建成环境与心理健康的关系、数据收集和分析方法、空间优化策略等进行评述,确定了建成环境对心理健康存在影响。总结发现:第一,对宏观尺度城市结构分析较全面,有进行空间形态和视觉指标研究的趋势;第二,心理健康影响因子存在地域和个体差异;第三,建成环境对心理健康的影响路径可分为直接影响和通过中介因子间接影响;第四,客观科学的技术和分析方法逐渐引入研究过程;第五,已有构建多尺度空间优化策略的研究倾向。通过文献梳理,指明当前研究借鉴和不足,为未来基于疗愈视角的空间优化设计提供参考和依据。

The current high-density,fast-paced,high-pressure urban living and working environment,leads to the increasingly and serious mental health problems.Mental health diseases prevention and restoration becomes a hot research topic in various disciplines.It has been proved that the built environment has a long-term,extensive and subtle influence on local residents to increase and optimize their mental health condition.It becomes a frontier topic of urban planning to clarify the relationships between the built environment and mental health,to explore the restorative effect of the built environment on mental health,and to formulate spatial optimization strategies and design guidelines.Based on the current literature,this paper reveals that there are still four aspects to be further explored:the environmental factors affecting mental health significantly;the coupling relationship between built environment and mental health;the influential mechanism of built environment on mental health;the spatial optimization strategies for mental health restoration.Taking the Web of Science core collection database and CNKI core database as the retrieval platform,this paper carries out quantitative analysis visually,and analyses the literature quantity change,the research discipline domains and the research focuses.The current research trends are identified as follows:1)the literature on built environment and mental health mainly appeared after 2012;2)compared with other disciplines,such as Public,Environmental&Occupational Health,Environmental Sciences&Ecology,the research of urban planning discipline started late and with a small number;3)the research focuses were gradually specified and expanded from the macro level to the micro level.The inf luential mechanism and modern technology applications on analysis become new research directions.According to the conditions of cited rate,centrality and the time of publication,50 articles have been selected for intensive reading.It is proved that the built environment had remarkable impacts on residents’mental health.The further research explores the relationship between built environment and mental health,data collection and analyzing methods,and spatial optimization strategies for relieving mental disease.It is found that:1)the built environmental factors that affect mental health can be classified into three levels which are spatial structure,spatial form and spatial perception.The current research mainly focuses on macro-scale spatial structure level,while the spatial form and visual indicators level analysis are quite few;2)there are regional and individual differences on mental health restoration benefits of built environmental factors;3)the influential path of built environment on mental health includes direct impact,and indirect impact through physical activities,social activities and other intermediary factors;4)objective and scientific technologies and analyzing methods are gradually applied to the research process;5)research tendency of initiating multi-scale and multi-level spatial optimization strategies has been established.After clarifying the current research references and deficiencies through literature review,the paper brings forward the following suggestions for future research:1)the research should pay attention to the impact of the built environment of micro spatial design scale on mental health,improve the spatial form level and visual dimension index,explore the index threshold,carry out index empowerment,build the built environment evaluation system based on mental health,and explore the specific influential mechanism;2)to collect data through means of man-machine interaction such as portable biosensor and GPS,make full use of big data and open data,and carry out quantitative empirical research on horizontal and vertical integration;3)to study the different mental reactions of various gender,age and working categories to the corresponding built environment,so as to propose different optimization measures for various regions;4)the multi-level control measures are carried out from the aspects of regulatory planning guidelines,urban design and site design,to ensure the feasibility of the optimization strategy of built environment for mental health restoration,and to develop the planning transmission mechanism to ensure the implementation of mental health performance.At the practical level,based on the weighted-index system,the research simulates the mental health performance of built environment,and makes out the mental health evaluation map.By using this map,the depressions of residents’mental health can be found,and the vulnerabilities of mental health performance of built environment will be identified.The paper envisions the establishment of weighted-index system and the evaluation map will help build an early warning system of residents’mental health.The ultimate goal for studying built environment and mental health is to create a restorative environment,reduce the space for environmental pregnant diseases,and realize the goal of a healthy city by formulating spatial optimization strategies and planning and design guidelines based on mental health healing.