个人数据在治理公共健康危机中的使用——对欧盟抗击新冠疫情中个人数据使用的评析

Use of Personal Data in the Battle Against Sanitary Crisis——Comments on the Use of Personal Data in the EU during the Covid-19 Outbreak

新冠疫情在全世界蔓延后,各国都面临着监管人员流动、追踪并切断传染链条等重大任务。个人数据的收集和分析是防治疫情的有效手段。然而,欧盟各国在抗疫中对个人数据的使用还十分审慎。实际上,从现行法角度看,欧盟《通用数据保护条例》已经为在跨国公共健康危机下收集和使用个人数据提供了合法性基础。从应然法角度看,个人数据作为人格权要素和财产权客体,其支配权也不是绝对的,需在公共利益和社会现实的框架内行使。无论是欧盟日前抗疫,还是中国日后防治公共卫生危机,都应有效利用现行法已经提供的法律工具,在保证公民基本权利的前提下,发挥大数据技术对防治公共健康危机的作用。

Since the propagation of the Covid-19 in the whole world,each country faces the important tasks of regulating the movements of the population and breaking the chain of transmission.The collection and analysis of mass personal data is an effective means to battle the epidemic.However,the EU-countries are very prudent with the use of personal data in antiepidemic measures.In fact,in view of the current legislation,the General Data Protection Regulation has already laid down the legal ground for use of personal data for solving sanitary crises.In a de lege ferenda view,the control of personal data,which is both an element of personality right and the object of property,is not absolute and can only be exercised within the limits of public interest and the social reality.To make effective use of legal instruments and the big data,while guaranteeing the basis rights,is of significant importance for the battle against the current and future sanitary crises in the EU and China.