采用QUEFTS建立向日葵推荐施肥模型养分特征参数

Using QUEFTS to calculate the parameters needed for fertilizer recommendation of sunflower

【目的】汇总我国向日葵主产区的产量和施肥效应数据,构建基于产量反应与农学效率的推荐施肥模型,为向日葵科学施肥提供依据。【方法】收集整理2002年以来在向日葵主产区进行的向日葵肥料田间试验和公开发表的文献等共483个,计算产量反应、农学效率、肥料利用效率等特征参数。采用QUEFTS法预估向日葵地上部氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)养分吸收。【结果】我国主要产区向日葵籽粒产量平均为3334.9 kg/hm2,秸秆产量平均为7222.7 kg/hm2,收获指数为0.32 kg/kg。籽粒中N、P2O5和K2O养分含量平均分别为25.0、4.7和8.5 g/kg,秸秆中平均分别为8.4、1.2和32.8 g/kg,地上部N、P2O5和K2O养分吸收量平均分别为145.7、55.1和318.5 kg/hm2。N、P2O5和K2O养分收获指数平均分别为0.59、0.66和0.11 kg/kg,施用N、P和K的内在效率(IE)分别为23.8、63.8和11.3 kg/kg,籽粒需要的养分吸收量(RIE)分别为43.2、16.4和94.9 kg/t。应用QUEFTS模型估算,目标产量为最高产量的60%~70%时,生产1 t籽粒地上部需要吸收N 40.8、P2O515.8和K2O 78.1 kg,N:P2O5:K2O养分需求比例为2.58:1.00:4.93。N、P和K肥的产量反应(YR)分别为621.9、467.0和361.3 kg/hm2。不施用N、P和K的相对产量(RY)分别为0.82(n=1071)、0.87(n=914)和0.90(n=1108)。相对产量与施肥产量反应之间呈显著的线性负相关,N、P和K相对产量与施肥产量反应关系的决定系数(R2)分别达到了0.712*(n=1071)、0.693*(n=914)和0.763*(n=1108)。向日葵N、P和K肥的增产量和农学效率二者间存在着显著的指数曲线关系,决定系数(R2)分别达到了0.634*(n=1061)、0.697*(n=905)和0.702*(n=1092)。其关系式分别为AEN=0.0152YRN0.8796;AEP=0.0269YRP0.8797;AEK=0.0229YRK0.9009。【结论】通过向日葵养分增产量(产量反应)与相对产量,及产量反应与农学效率的相关关系可计算出养分需要量。氮肥推荐可依据氮肥的增产量和农学效率来确定,磷、钾肥推荐除考虑其增产量及吸收量外,还需考虑一定目标产量下地上部的养分移走量、上季残效和通过秸秆还田的归还量。

【Objectives】The yield and nutrient application data were collected in this research,aiming to construct fertilizer recommendation method and provide guide for scientific fertilization of sunflower.【Methods】The data were from the published results of 483 field experiments since 2002,covering Northeast,North and Northwest of China.The characteristic parameters such as yield response,agronomy efficiency and nutrient recovery were calculated.The nutrient uptake of N,P and K in sunflower was estimated by QUEFTS method.【Results】Across the main production area,the average yields of sunflower seeds and straws were3334.9 kg/hm2 and 7222.7 kg/hm2;the average N,P2 O5 and K2 O contents in sunflower seeds and straws were 25.0,4.7,8.5 g/kg and 8.4,1.2,32.8 g/kg;the average N,P and K uptake of aerial part were 145.7,55.1 and 318.5 kg/hm2;the average harvest indexes of N,P and K were 0.59,0.66 and 0.11 kg/kg;the internal efficiency(IE)of N,P2 O5 and K2 O application were 23.8,63.8 and 11.3 kg/kg,and the N,P2 O5 and K2 O required for producing sunflower seeds were 43.2,16.4 and 94.9 kg/t.According to the QUEFTS model,the nutrient amounts required for producing 1000 kg of aerial part were N 40.8,P2 O515.8 and K2 O 78.1 kg when the target yield was 60%-70%of the potential yields,with the N,P2 O5 and K2 O ratio of 2.58:1.00:4.93.Yield response of N,P and K fertilizer is 621.9,467.0 and 361.3 kg/hm2,and the relative yield under deficient applying of either N,P or K was0.82(n=1071),0.87(n=914)and 0.90(n=1108).There was a significant negative linear correlation between yield response and relative yield,and the coefficient of determination(R2)was 0.712*for N(n=1071),0.693*for P(n=914)and 0.763*for K fertilizer(n=1108).The agronomy efficiencies showed significantly exponential correlation with yield responses,with R2 of 0.634*for N(n=1061),0.697*for P205(n=905)and 0.702*for K20(n=1092).The regression formulas of agronomy efficiency(AE)and yield responses(YR)were AEN=0.0152 YRN0.8796,AEP=0.0269 YRP0.8797,AEK=0.0229 YRK0.9009.【Conclusions】The nutrient uptake and utilization parameters of sunflower are estimated using QUEFTS model.The single nutrient requirement can be estimated by the relation between single nutrient yield increase and its rlative yield,as well as its agronomy efficiency.Nitrogen fertilizer could be directly recommended according to its yield response and nitrogen agronomy efficiency.For the recommendation of P and K,except for the nutrient requirement,yield response and agronomy efficiencies of them,the residual effect of last season and amount from straw returning to field are also need taken into consideration.