北京地区金代石椁墓及火葬习俗再谈

A New Discussion of the Stone-Coffin Burials and the Cremation Custom of the Jin Dynasty in the Beijing Area

石椁墓是北京地区金代中期以来的主流葬制,主要分布在金中都的"政治重地"和"商业中心"。它的使用者"非贵即官",上至帝王、后妃,以女真贵族为主,还有一定数量的汉族士人高官。石椁墓的形制规格在金代大致经历了完颜亮时期的形成阶段、金世宗时期的发展阶段和金章宗时期的成熟阶段这样一个过程,在金章宗泰和至卫绍王大安年间达到鼎盛。火葬习俗在石椁墓中乃至当时社会都非常流行,金代帝后采用的尸骨葬应该与当时的宗教政策密切相关。

Stone-outer-coffin burials were dominant in burials from the middle of the Jin dynasty in the Beijing area.Their distribution was mainly in the political and commercial center of the Middle Capital of Jin.The tomb occupants in stone-outer-coffin burials were of high social rank,which were mainly Niuzhen royal people,and some Han-ethnicity high officials.The stone-outer-coffin burial rite during the Jin dynasty was at its formation stage during the time of Wanyan Liang,developed during the reign of Emperor Shi,reached its maturity during the time of Emperor Zhang,and culminated from the time of Emperor Zhang to the year of Da’an.Cremation was common both in the stone-outer-coffin burials or among the entire population.The burial rite of the emperors and queens of the Jin royal house should have rooted in the religious belief then.