嵌入政治体制:晚清中国官报制度的确立及其影响

Embedded Political System:The Establishment and Influence of Chinese Official Newspaper System in Late Qing Dynasty

新式官报是清末新政的产物,是报刊嵌入政治体制的重要表现,意义独特。研究试图勾勒晚清官报制度的确立过程并揭示其历史影响。早期,在孙家鼐等人的尝试下出现了最早的新式官报,但因政治斗争影响,旋即失败。“新政”颁布后,各省督抚创办的地方官报一时间风靡全国,于“预备立宪”前后形成官报史上的黄金时期。地方官报以派销的方式与官僚制度接榫,成为官方控制舆论,督抚操纵政治的重要载体。中央级官报《政治官报》创办后,受日本官报制度影响,选择以“政府公报纸”作为运作方向。《政治官报》改为《内阁官报》后,标志着新式官报成为宣布法令的机关,具有行政效力,报刊与政治制度的结合自此密不可分。这种媒介与政治互动的模式直接影响了民国时期的“公报”,在中国官方传播史上留下了制度化印记。

The official newspaper is the product of the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty.This paper attempts to outline the establishment process of the official newspaper system in the late Qing Dynasty and reveal its historical influence.The earliest official newspaper appeared under the efforts of Sun Jianai and others,but it soon failed due to the influence of political struggle.After the promulgation of the"New Deal",the local official newspapers established by provincial governors became popular all over the country,which formed a golden period in the history of official newspapers before and after the preparation of the Constitution.The way that the local officials responded with dispatch was connected with the bureaucracy,which became an important carrier for the official to control public opinion and the governors to manipulate politics.After the establishment of the central government newspaper,influenced by the Japanese government newspaper system,it chose"government public newspaper"as its operation direction.Since then,the politico was changed to the Nei Ge Guan Bao,which marked that the new officio became the organ to announce laws and decrees and had administrative effect.Since then,the combination of newspapers and the political system has been inseparable.This mode of interaction between media and politics directly influenced the"communiques"and left institutionalized marks in the history of official communication in China.