德国应用科学大学的50年:起源、发展与隐忧

Fifty Years of the University of Applied Science: Origins, Development and Crisis

应用科学大学在德国出现已有半个世纪,现已发展成与大学并存的极具特色的高等教育类型。其崛起是德国高等教育结构在过去半个世纪中的最大变化。考察其历史发现,政治、经济、社会、人口等多方面因素促成了其出现。通过名称名义、研究资源、独立博士授予权等多方面的争夺和竞争,以一系列标志性事件为表征,应用科学大学逐渐确定了身份,稳固了地位,得到了社会各界的认可和称赞。然而,在师资聘任、培养规格、社会服务以及多元发展等方面,应用科学大学的发展实践仍存在隐忧。此外,有关应用科学大学的理论也存在一些尚未澄清的问题。对德国应用科学大学发展的历史考察能够为我国发展应用型高校和应用学术提供重要的参考与启示。

The University of Applied Science(UAS)in Germany has been established for half a century and has now developed into a unique type of HEI coexisting with universities.Its rise is the biggest change in the structure of German higher education in the past half century.It is found that the political,economic,social and demographic factors contributed to its emergence.Through the competition of name,research resources and independent doctoral conferment right,UAS has gradually established its identity and position and won recognition and praise from all stakeholders as represented by a series of landmark events.However,there are still some problems in its development,including the recruitment of professors,educational standard,social service and diversified development.In addition,there are still some problems about the theories of UAS.The historical investigation on the development of UAS can provide important reference and enlightenment for the development of applied universities in China.