马克思实践论自由观的生态意蕴

On Ecological Implications of Freedom from Perspective of Marxist Practice Theory

自由是人类的梦想,“不自由毋宁死”的启蒙口号就表达了人类的这一愿景。马克思认为,自由是人类的最高价值追求,他一生致力于实现人的自由而全面的发展。因此,在马克思看来,比崇尚自由更重要的是自由的价值在实践活动中的实现,因为作为一种单纯价值诉求的“自由”并不具备自主构建现实社会的能力,所以实现“自由”的价值、满足人对“自由”的追求只能通过实践的方式将自由“外化”到现实社会中从而构建“自由”的现实性维度,进而在现实的社会实践层面体现出自由的价值,实现人们对自由的向往。因此,自由是知与行的统一。劳动作为人与自然之间关系的中介,是人类遵循、利用自然必然性实现自由的一种方式。因而,我们要扬弃劳动的异化状态,将丢失了的人的类本质复归人类,实现人与自然的和谐统一,消解人与自然之间的对立关系,这是实现人类自由的必要前提。具体而言,人类通过参与合理有序的物质变换实现人在自然界面前的真实自由:一方面,物质变换的完成本身就体现和确证了人类对自然必然性客观、准确的认识;另一方面,在物质变换的基础上,人类克服了与自然界的对立以及自然界对人的限制和束缚。因此,以物质变换为基础的劳动实践就是在实践论意义上探讨和实现自由的有效方式。

The pursuit of freedom is a dream of mankind.The enlightenment slogan“Give me liberty or give me death”expresses that vision of mankind.Marx believed that freedom is human's pursuit of highest value,and he devoted his life to the realization of free and comprehensive development of mankind.Therefore,in Marx's view,what is more important than advocating freedom is the realization of the value of freedom in practical activities.“Freedom”as a pure value appeal does not have the ability to build a practical society autonomously.Therefore,the realization of the value of"freedom"and the satisfaction of people's pursuit of“freedom”can“externalize”freedom into the practical society through practice to construct the realistic dimension of“freedom”reflecting the value of freedom at the level of realistic social practice and realizing human's yearning for freedom.Freedom is the unity of knowledge and action.As an intermedium between man and nature,labor is a way for human to follow and make use of nature inevitability to achieve freedom.Therefore,we must abandon labor alienation,restore the lost human nature in humanity,realize the harmonious unity of man and nature,and dispel the antagonistic relationship between man and nature,which is a necessary prerequisite for human freedom.Specifically,mankind realizes the true freedom in the nature by participating in the rational and orderly material transformation.On the one hand,the completion of material transformation embodies and confirms the objective and accurate understanding of nature inevitability.On the other hand,on the basis of material transformation,mankind has overcome the opposition between man and nature and has surmounted the limitations and constraints of nature.Therefore,labor practice based on material transformation is an effective way to explore and realize freedom in the sense of practice theory.