《吹小号的天鹅》中的跨物种伦理关系

Accompanying the Swan:On Cross‑species Ethical Relationship in The Trumpet of the Swan

在越来越多的生态和环境危机逐渐显现的人类世时代,如何处理人与非人物种间的关系成为一个难以回避的话题。与梭罗一样具有生态伦理情怀的美国作家——埃尔文·布鲁克斯·怀特通过儿童文学作品对此进行了探讨。他的《吹小号的天鹅》从去人类中心主义的立场出发,巧借拟人体童话的体裁,在现实与虚拟相结合的文学空间展现了人与野生动物之间的伦理关系。怀特在作品中呈现的跨物种伦理观念与唐娜·哈拉维的同伴物种理念较为接近,探讨的皆是一种体现后人类关怀的种际伦理关系。但与哈拉维明显不同的是,怀特主要阐述的是人与野生动物之间的关系,而非被驯养了的家养动物或者宠物。本文以《吹小号的天鹅》为研究文本,从生态批评和同伴物种理论的视角深入剖析怀特的跨物种伦理思想,呼吁人与非人物种间生成一种建立在信任、尊重、共情与交流的基础之上的互惠共生、主体平等的种际伦理关系。

In the Anthropocene era where more ecological and environmental crises emerge gradually,how to deal with the relationship between human and non‐human species has become an unavoidable topic.Elwyn Brooks White,an American writer with the same ecological ethics as Thoreau,probed into the problem through children's literature.From the standpoint of de‐anthropocentrism,his work The Trumpet of the Swan shows the ethical relationship between human and wild animals in the literary space combining reality and virtuality by means of the genre of anthropomorphic fairy tales.The cross‐species ethics presented in White's novel is closer to Donna Haraway's concept of companion species,for both of them discuss the interspecies ethical relationship which reflects the post‐human care.But unlike Haraway,White mainly presents the relationship between human and wild animals rather than domesticated animals or pets.This paper takes The Trumpet of the Swan as the research text,attempting to make a deep study of White's cross‐species ethics from the perspective of eco‐criticism and companion species theory as well as calling for the establishment of the inter‐species ethical relationship emphasizing reciprocity,cohabitation and equality of subjects based on trust,respect,empathy and communication.