清初满族词坛的尊体意识

The Sense of Genre Esteem in the Manchu Ci Circle During the Early Qing Dynasty

词学尊体意识从北宋中后期开始萌芽,南渡后得到更多人响应。元明时期文学整体观念日益高涨,肯定词之立言载道功能,为清代词学尊体运动提供了强有力的支持。在清代词学尊体运动中,清初满族词坛的尊体意识起了推波助澜的作用。康熙皇帝在词的创作实践和词学理论方面均有建树,这和处于社会顶层的满族宗室、贵族对词体的尊重和提倡,共同构成清初文坛上独特的词学风景。清初满族词坛以纳兰性德、曹寅、岳端等人为代表,推尊词体,作词严守词本体规范,具体表现在三个方面:反对诗余的观念,认为诗词同源,诗词文体不同,但词与诗、赋同样具有抒情言志、寄托比兴、讽谏劝喻的作用;崇尚自然真切的雅正词风;尊重词体韵律的严整性,维护词体的特殊性。清初满族词人从根本上改变了"诗庄词媚"的传统观念,以词体为尊,而且无论创作者、接受者还是批评者都达成共识,促进了清初满族词坛的繁荣,也极大地推动了清词的中兴。

The sense of"Esteem of Ci genre"began from the middle and late period of Northern Song Dynasty,and became popular when it spread to the South.During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties,with the development of the concept of literature as a whole,the function of Ci in expressing ideas and thoughts was confirmed,which provided strong support for the genre esteem of Ci in the Qing Dynasty.In the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties,genre esteem of Ci had a real development thanks to the genre awareness of Manchu Ci writers.Emperor Kangxi played an important role in the practice and theory of Ci writing.Kangxi’s sense of the esteem and advocacy of the genre of Ci,along with Manchu clan and aristocrats at the top of the society formed a unique atmosphere of Ci writing in the early Qing Dynasty.Nalan Xingde,Cao Yin and Yue Duan are representatives during this time and they advocated the genre of Ci and strictly kept its form standard.It is embodied in three aspects:opposing the concept that Ci is inferior to poetry,and holding that Ci and poetry are of the same origin and in spite of different styles,Ci,poetry and Fu have the same functions of expressing emotions and aspirations;advocating the natural and real elegant style of Ci;respecting the integrity of the rhythm of Ci and maintaining the particularity of Ci.In the early Qing Dynasty,Manchu Ci writers fundamentally changed the traditional attitudes towards poetry and Ci,and esteem its genre.In addition,writers,readers and critics all reached a consensus from the bottom of their hearts,which promoted the prosperity of Manchu Ci in the early Qing Dynasty and the flourish of Qing Ci.