中国古代环境文化中的荒野意识

The Wilderness Consciousness in Ancient Chinese Environmental Culture

在中国古代,荒野意识一直没有独立成为一种文化形态,而是与一些重要的文化形态融会在一起,成为这些重要文化的背景或组成部分,主要有:始祖崇拜,突出代表是《山海经》。政治文化,即国家管理上的分服管理和中国独特的隐士文化。科学研究,包括与荒野相关的科学文化和与之相关的科学著作。艺术审美,即荒野是中国山水诗、山水散文和山水画的主要对象。居住风水,包含阴宅风水对荒野的接纳和阳宅风水对荒野的拒绝。天地精神,中国哲学意义上的天地虽然不等同于自然,但是以自然为基础,是指未经人加工过的自然,即荒野,它是中国人获取天地精神的主要源泉。中华民族的环境文化建立在农业文明的基础上,它对于自然的态度具有两重性,一是改造自然,二是崇拜自然。荒野既是垦荒的对象,也是崇拜的对象。由于受生产力水平所限,农业文明为我们留下了一些荒野,这成为维系中国生态平衡的基本力量,也成为当今生态文明建设的基础。

In ancient China,wilderness consciousness did not become a cultural form independently,but merged with some important cultural forms and became the background or components of these important cultures.It mainly includes ancestor worship.And the outstanding representative work is the Book of Mountains and Seas.Political culture,namely the sub-service management in state administration and China's unique hermit culture.Scientific research is about the science and culture related to the wilderness and its relevant scientific works.Artistic aesthetics,that is,wilderness is the main object of Chinese landscape poetry,landscape prose and landscape painting.Residential Feng Shui includes the acceptance of Yin mansion Feng Shui and the rejection of Yang mansion Feng Shui to the wilderness.Though based on nature,the spirit of heaven and earth,in the sense of Chinese philosophy,is not the same as nature.It refers to the untapped nature,namely the wilderness,which is the main source for the Chinese people to obtain the spirit of heaven and earth.The environmental culture of the Chinese nation is based on the agricultural civilization.Thus,it has a dual attitude towards nature,one is to transform,the other is to worship.In other words,the wilderness is the object of both cultivation and worship.While limited by the level of productivity,agricultural civilization has left us some wilderness,which has become the basic force to maintain China's ecological balance and the basis for the foundation of today's ecological civilization construction.