如何寻找真正的德意志文化:论尼采不合时宜的教育批判

How to Search for the True German Culture:On Nietzsche's Untimely Educational Critiques

《不合时宜的考察》是早期尼采继《悲剧的诞生》之后发表的批判德国现代文化和教育的四本小书的合集。前两个考察指出德国文化庸人阻碍了真正的德意志文化的复兴,探讨了其心灵形成的病理,认为过度的历史知识和历史教育摧毁了其生命所必需的幻象,窒息了他们生命的创造力;后两个考察则探讨了叔本华如何不合时宜地用自己的哲学孕育了一种真正的文化,而瓦格纳则把这种哲学转化为一种提升生命的悲剧艺术之中。尼采展示了这两个富有创造性的文化天才不同于文化庸人的地方在于,他们知道如何恰当地运用历史,创造了富有真正德意志精神的文化,而且,这种对历史的成功运用也使他们成为尼采的教育者,并促进了尼采作为天才、从而也作为教育者的诞生,而后者正是尼采教育批判的确切涵义。

"Unzeitgemβe Betrachtungen"(Untimely Observations) is a collection of four short books that Nietzsche published after "Die Geburt der Tragodie"(The Birth of Tragedy), criticizing German modern culture and education. The first two observations pointed out that the German Cultural mediocrities hindered the revival of the true German culture, explored the pathology of the formation of their minds, and thought that the excessive historical knowledge and historical education destroyed the illusion necessary for their lives and stifled their life creativity;the last two observations explored how Schopenhauer inopportunely conceived a true culture with his own philosophy, and Wagner transformed this philosophy into an art to enhance life. Nietzsche shows that these two creative cultural geniuses are different from the cultural mediocrities in that they know how to use history properly and have creatively contributed to a true German culture, and this successful application also makes them become Nietzsche’s guiders, and promotes the birth of Nietzsche as a genius and thus as an educator, which is the exact meaning of his educational critiques.