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西周金文所见祼礼考——兼论商周祼礼的演变

A Study of the“Guan Li”Recorded in Bronze Inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty——On the Evolution of the“Guan Li”in Shang and Zhou Dynasties
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摘要 金文材料显示,西周祼礼有两种表现形式,一为祼祭之礼,一为祼饗之礼。祼祭是对祖先的祭祀,以祖祢为主要祭祀对象;祭祀场所可在宗庙中,亦可临时设置;以醴、贝为主要祭品,有与之相适用的专属祭器;与禘祭联系密切。祼饗则是生人之间的宴饗,周王常以祼礼犒赏有功之臣,或招待来朝诸侯;贵族亦常以祼礼招待宾客或赐祼属下。与晚商祼礼相比,周人减省了祼祭礼的内容,突出了本族特色;发展了祼饗之礼,体现了周人文化对现世的关怀。这反映出周人对殷礼的吸收和转化,是结合自身文化特点进行的,继承之中有损益,变革之中有因袭。 Bronze inscriptions show that there are two manifestations of“Guan Li”in the Western Zhou Dynasty.One is“Guan Ji”;the other is“Guan Xiang”.“Guan Ji”is a sacrifice to the ancestors.The deceased grandfather and father are the main objects of sacrifice.The place of sacrifice can be the ancestral temple or a temporary one.Sweet wine and shells are the main sacrifices,and there are special sacrificial vessels suitable for them.“Guan Ji”is closely related to“Di Ji”.“Guan Xiang”is a feast between the living.The King of the Western Zhou Dynasty often rewarded meritorious officials or entertained the princes who come to court with“Guan Li”.The nobles often entertained their guests or rewarded their subordinates with“Guan Li”.Compared with the“Guan Li”in the late Shang Dynasty,people of Zhou Dynasty reduced the content of“Guan Li”and highlighted their own characteristics.They developed the rite of“Guan Xiang”,which reflected the concern of Zhou Culture to the present world.Therefore,people’s absorption and transformation of Shang rites in Zhou Dynasty was based on their own cultural characteristics.
作者 张亮 ZHANG Liang(School of the History,Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou 450001,Henan)
出处 《宝鸡文理学院学报(社会科学版)》 2020年第4期19-23,43,共6页 Journal of Baoji University of Arts and Sciences:Social Science Edition
关键词 西周 金文 祼礼 Western Zhou Dynasty Bronze inscriptions Guan Li
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