分镇边圉:辽朝部族军驻防研究

Defending Frontier: Study on the Defense of the Ethnic Army in Liao Dynasty

辽朝部族军驻地以契丹内地为中心向外延伸,形成南、北、东、西四大驻防区。至辽朝末年部族驻军兵力约达22万,除西部驻防区外,其他三区的平均兵力为7万。各驻防区内的部族军多驻扎在水草丰美的游牧区。受牧场因素影响,各驻防区部族军兵力涨幅较为缓慢,部族军亦始终未能大量进驻非游牧区。基于其驻防特点,部族军在面对游牧区部族动乱时,反应较为迅捷,而面对非游牧区的变动时则略显迟缓。从整体上看,部族军在辽朝驻防体系中占据特殊位置,在本职之外,协助与制约宫帐军和京州军,展现出多重职能。辽朝部族军的驻防反映出统治者在国家发展上所实行的均衡战略:兼顾草原因素与农耕因素,并一直在二者的互动之中寻找契合点。此种理路引导之下,统治者以部族驻军为基础,联合宫帐军与京州军构筑起辽朝的驻防体系,并通过分割驻防区、建立地方军事管理机构等方式来巩固和完善这一体系。在均衡战略的理念下,实现草原与农区的互动发展。

In the Liao Dynasty,the garrison of the ethnic army was extended outward with Qidan as the center,forming up four garrison areas in the south,north,east and west.By the end of the Liao Dynasty,the number of tribal garrison troops amounted up to 220,000.Apart from garrison in the western area,the average deployment of army in the other three directions was 70,000.Most of the ethnic troops stationed in the garrisons were stationed in the nomadic areas with abundant water and grass resources.Confined by the pastureland resources,the strength of the ethnic troops in the garrisons were enhanced slowly,and the ethnic troops failed to enter the non-nomadic areas in large scale.Due to the characteristics of the ethnic army ’ s garrison,the response to tribal unrest in nomadic areas is more rapidly,but slightly slowly in the face of changes in non-nomadic areas.On the whole,ethnic troops occupied a spec:ial position in the garrison system of Liao Dynasty.In addition to their own duties,they also functioned in multi aspects such as assistance and restrictions towards Gongzhang army and Jingzhou army.The garrison of the ethnic army in the Liao Dynasty reflected the balanced strategy adopted by the rulers in the development of the country:taking into account the factors of grassland and farming,and always finding a suitable point in their interaction.Under this guidance,the rulers built the garrison system of the Liao Dynasty on the basis of the ethnic troop’ s garrison,and joined the Gongzhang army and the Jingzhou army to consolidate and improve the system by dividing the garrison area and establishing the local military management organization,so as to realize the interactive development of pastureland and agricultural areas under the concept of balanced governance.