公物理论视野下少数民族非物质文化遗产私权保障的路径研究

Study on the Path of Private Rights Protection of the Ethnic Groups’ Intangible Cultural Heritage from the Perspective of Public Property Theory

从公物理论的视角来看政府进行公共物品供给的过程,可以更好地厘清不同主体公物所有权、公物管理权和公物使用权之间复杂的权利义务关系,这对于公物的有效提供、管理,保障人民群众的基本生存权利、提高其生活水平,实现人民福祉具有重要作用。目前,以政府为主导的非物质文化遗产保护运动让少数民族的传统文化正经历着从作为地方性知识的"民间文化"向作为非物质遗产的"公共文化"转型的过程。根据公物理论的内容,作为"私有公物"的少数民族非物质文化遗产,其上包含着传统社区的非物质文化遗产所有权、政府的非物质文化遗产管理权,以及公众的非物质文化遗产使用权。在厘清这三重主体之间复杂的权利义务关系并对学界现有的私权实现学说、观点进行辨析的基础上,笔者提出了借鉴我国农村土地所有权"三权分置"的思路,将"权利分置"的模式应用到我国少数民族非物质文化遗产私权的实现中,将少数民族非物质文化遗产上的精神权利归属为传统社区,财产权利归属为文化主管部门,通过程序正义、公众参与、契约行政、设立专项基金、完善法律责任或约定等方式保障少数民族非物质文化遗产上私权的实现,从而更好地促进少数民族非物质文化遗产的传承和保护。

From the perspective of public property theory,the process of government supplying public goods can better clarify the complex relationship of rights and obligations between the ownership of public property,the management of public property and the right to use public property.This is vitally important for the effective supply and management of public property,ensuring the basic living rights of the people,improving their living standards and realizing their well-being.At the current stage,the government-dominated intangible cultural heritage protection movement has allowed the traditional culture of ethnic groups to undergo a transition process from "folk culture" as local knowledge to "public culture" as intangible cultural heritage.According to the theory of public property,the intangible cultural heritage of the minority as " private public property" contains the ownership of the intangible cultural heritage of the traditional community,the management of the intangible cultural heritage of the government,and the right to use the intangible cultural heritage of the public.On the basis of clarifying the complex relationship of rights and obligations between these three subjects and discriminating the existing theories and viewpoints of realizing private rights in the academic circles,the author proposes the idea of learning from the " three rights division" of rural land ownership in China,applying the model of "separation of rights" to the realization of private rights of intangible cultural heritage of ethnic groups.In order to better promote the inheritance and protection of intangible cultural heritage of ethnic groups,the spiritual rights of the intangible cultural heritage of ethnic minorities shall be attributed to the traditional community and property rights shall be attributed to cultural authorities,and to guarantee the realization of private rights on the intangible culture heritage of ethnic groups through procedural justice,community public participation,contract administration,establishment of special funds,improvement of legal responsibilities and etc.