我国老年人参与社会活动及影响因素分析

Analysis on Influencing Factors of Elderly’s Participation in Social Activities in China

在积极老龄化的社会背景下,了解老年人参与社会活动状况及其影响因素可以加深人们对人口老龄化社会问题的认识,探索如何创造更为舒适的社会参与环境进而促进老年人积极参与社会活动。为此,本文运用2015年中国健康与养老追踪调查(GHARLS)数据,采用Heckman两阶段模型的分析方法,实证分析年龄、性别、受教育程度、健康状况、婚姻状况、退休前职业的社会声望等因素对老年人是否参与社会活动及参与频次的影响。研究发现城乡老年人的自评健康状况、养老金(退休金)和医疗保险等保障性政策对老年人是否参与社会活动有正向积极影响;有配偶对老年人是否参与社会活动有负向影响;年龄增长使老年人精力体力均有下降,相应地降低了社会活动的参与频次;男性老年人在参与社会活动及参与频次上不及女性;退休前职业的社会声望和受教育水平对提高老年人参与社会活动及参与频次均有显著正效应。为促进老年人更多地参与社会活动,家庭层面应秉持鼓励支持的态度,社区层面应开展多种多样的适合老年人参加的社会活动;同时,整个社会要在多方面支持老年人参与社会活动,如社区医疗卫生机构为老年人提供健康指导,动员社会力量开展老年人喜欢的各种学习培训,发展托幼事业等减轻老年人家庭照料负担,多渠道提高老年人收入。

In the social context of active aging,knowing the situation of the elderly participating in social activities and its influencing factors can deepen people’s understanding of the social problem of population aging and probe into how to create a more comfortable environment to promote the elderly to participate in social activities.To this end,adopting the data of 2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study(CHARLS),this paper uses the analysis method of Heckman two-stage model to empirically analyze the in⁃fluence of age,gender,education level,health status,marital status,social prestige of occupation before re⁃tirement and other factors on whether the elderly participate in social activities and the frequency of partici⁃pation.It is found that the self-rated health status,pension(retirement pay),medical insurance and other security policies of the elderly in urban and rural areas exert a positive influence to whether the elderly par⁃ticipate in social activities.Having a spouse has a negative effect on whether the elderly participate in so⁃cial activities.The increase of age reduces the energy and physical strength of the elderly and correspond⁃ingly decreases the frequency of participation in social activities.The male elderly is less likely to partici⁃pate in social activities and the frequency of participation than the female.The social prestige and educa⁃tion level of the occupation before retirement have a significant positive effect on the elderly to participate in social activities and participation frequency.In order to promote greater participation of the elderly in so⁃ciety,support should be encouraged at the family level and diverse social activities suitable for older per⁃sons should be undertaken at the community level;At the same time,the whole society should support the elderly in a variety of aspects to participate in social activities.For example,community medical and health institutions provide health guidance for the elderly,mobilize social forces to carry out various kinds of learn⁃ing and training that the elderly enjoy,and develop the cause of taking care of children to liberate the bur⁃den of family care for the elderly and increase the income of the elderly through multiple channels.