战败者的历史书写——日本“二战”电影媒介记忆主体批判性研究

The Historical Writing of the Defeated:A Critical Study on the Media Memory Subject of Japanese World War Ⅱ Films

每一个民族或国家都有其相对偏重的历史记忆和历史叙述框架。当代日本“二战”电影所构建的历史总体上偏向于“大和魂”的塑造,缺乏对其作为战争加害者罪行的反省。随着史鉴者逐一离世,加上战争本身的庞大性和复杂性,日本“二战”电影在战争记忆主体性上呈现巨大流变,虚无主义、表达娱乐化沉渣泛起,战争记忆迄今为止未取得历史共识和社会共识。以日本“二战”电影记忆建构主体为研究对象,通过如何面对战败、如何纪念亡人、如何叙述战败来探索日本“二战”电影的“现实性政治诉求”“慰魂式情感认同”“遮耻化历史表述”等日本战败者独特的历史书写方式,通过“昭和怀旧”的文化想象及“美化历史”的银幕生产,制造出“影像伪史”来转译“二战”历史,拟造战争合法性。这种对“二战”时日本犯下的滔天罪行“非忏悔化”的历史反思,是对全球政治秩序与“二战”记忆重建的严峻挑战,对此应予以关注与批判。

Every nation or country has its own historical memory and narrative framework.The history constructed by contemporary Japanese World War Ⅱ films generally tends to shape the“national soul of Daiwa”and lacks reflection on its crime as a war perpetrator.With the death of the historians one by one,coupled with the enormity and complexity of the war itself,Japan’s World War Ⅱ films have shown great changes in the subjectivity of war memory.Nihilism and entertainment of expression have sprung up.So far,no historical consensus and social consensus have been reached in the memory of war.Taking the memory construction subject of Japanese World War Ⅱ films as the research object,this paper explores the unique historical writing methods of Japanese War Ⅱ film,such as“realistic political appeal”,“soul soothing emotional identity”and“historical expressions of cover the shame”in Japanese World War Ⅱ films through how to face the defeat,how to commemorate the dead and how to narrate the war defeat.Through the cultural imagination of“Zhaohe nostalgia”and the screen production of“beautifying history”,the“image pseudo history”is created to translate the history of World War Ⅱ and to create the legitimacy of war.This historical reflection on the“non repentance”of the heinous crimes committed by Japan during World War Ⅱ is a severe challenge to the global political order and the reconstruction of the memory of World War Ⅱ,which should be paid attention to and criticized.