德国对华政策中的美国因素

The U.S.Factor in Germany’s China Policy

由于历史和现实原因,美国长期以来一直是影响德国对外政策的重要因素。特朗普执政后将中国确定为主要战略竞争对手,要求盟国配合其对华战略,德国对华政策中来自美国的负面因素陡然上升,不得不在美国的巨大压力下调整对华关系。但德国并未完全妥协,而是分领域采取配合、部分配合、不配合的政策,德国对华政策呈现对美一定的独立性和对华两面性的特点。在美、中两大国竞争中寻求自身定位的主要原因来自德国对自身利益和力量的评估,来自德美和德中两组关系的双重特征及其限定下作用力和反作用力的较量。德国虽认可自己是西方的一部分,认可美国在跨大西洋联盟中的领导作用,但也表示世界分裂为中美对抗的两极不符合德国利益,不愿按照美国要求选边站队。建设独立而强大的欧洲,在中美角逐中捍卫欧洲利益,推动形成欧盟统一的对华立场成为德国的战略选择。德国是欧盟具有领导力的国家之一,其对华政策选择不仅对中德双边关系,而且对中欧关系等都将产生重大影响。鉴于美国对华政策已发生重大战略性变化,从中长期看,美国因素将持续成为影响德国对华政策的重要因素。在此背景下,中国采取积极有效的对德外交政策是缓解美国因素压力、保障中德关系行稳致远的重要因素。

The United States has long been the primary factor shaping Germany’s foreign relations.The Trump administration views China as America’s chief competitor and calls for a united Western front against Beijing’s alleged aggression.Although Berlin has hardened its policies toward Beijing under Washington’s pressure,it has also made a hedging bet to seek some measure of strategic independence from Washington.The Germans position themselves in the strategic triangle according to their own assessment of national interests and capabilities.Berlin acknowledges Washington’s primacy in the transatlantic alliance but remains reluctant to take sides in the intensifying China-U.S.competition as it sees a world divided between two superpowers as detrimental to its interests and those of the international community.What Berlin seeks is a strong and independent Europe capable of formulating and implementing a coherent and consistent China policy and of defending its own interests in an increasingly divisive world.The United States will continue to be the most important factor shaping Berlin’s policy toward Beijing.Against this backdrop,Beijing needs to conduct smart and robust diplomacy to mitigate U.S.strategic pressure on both China and Germany to ensure a stable and progressive partnership between Beijing and Berlin.