王权与民族主义:基于历代帝王庙田野调查的政治学及人类学分析

The Kingship Country and the Nationalism:a Political Study Based on a Fieldwork of the Temple of the Past-Ages Emperors

历代帝王庙是中华帝统的清晰展现,作为国家祭祀的场所与正统论调整的表达,它体现了皇权的客观性。以本尼迪克特·安德森为代表的民族主义理论认为现代民族主义与王权有着时间上的断裂关系,但无论是康托洛维茨对于国王的两个身体的论述,还是历代帝王庙的当代祭祀表演都显示出二者之间既相互结合同时又充满张力的关系。历代帝王庙在历史上的诸多变化都体现出了皇权对于正统论的判断,而后来不同人群对历代帝王庙的处理方式的不同,也体现出这座庙宇所承载的王权概念本身的独立性和它在现代的延续问题。当皇权的仪式被用于现代民族主义的自我表达时,不可避免地会产生民族与基于中华和帝统的正统论的矛盾,这正是当代民族主义面对历代帝王庙时的困境。对于历代帝王庙的研究表明,无论是王权国家还是民族国家,都是现代国家的两种最基本形态。

As the place of national sacrifices and the convey of the adjustment of the orthodox theory,the Temple of the Past-Ages Emperors clearly shows the order of Chinese imperial power as well as the independence of that kind of power.The anthropologists studies nationalism theory who represented by Benedict Anderson believe that there is a huge ditch between imperial power and modern nationalism.However,whether the study of the king’s two bodies of Ernst Hartwing Kantorowicz or my observation in the field work of the contemporary sacrificial performances in the Temple of the Past-Ages Emperors showed the binding and tension relationship between imperial power and modern nationalism.The fieldwork told that when impe-rial ceremonies were used in the self-expression of those nationalists,the contradiction of nation and orthodox theory inescapably arise,which is exactly the dilemma of the nationalists in contemporary China.What needs to be emphasized is that both the country based on kingship and the nation-state are the two most basic forms of the modern state.