从“小城镇 大问题”到“小城市 大问题”——“中国第一农民城”龙港的追踪调查

From Small Towns with Big Problems to Small Cities with Big Problems——Follow-up Survey on Longgang(The First Peasant City in China)

在多重转型的复杂背景下,龙港这个以五个小渔村为基础的新设小镇,被迫充分利用市场机制的力量,以港兴商,以商促工,以业扩城,成为"温州模式"的重要发源地,作为中国第一座"农民城"崛起,成为特大镇的典型和首批"镇改市"试点镇。作为费孝通先生"小城镇大问题"的拓展性研究,以追踪田野调查为基础,采用深度访谈与参与式观察方法,结合档案和统计数据,刻画龙港发展进程,提炼发展经验,剖析发展困境,追踪撤镇设市历程。研究发现:基层政府顺应民众需求,最大限度地简政放权,通过集资、捐资、有偿出让土地等举措,充分发挥市场的作用,迅速改进了城镇基础设施与基本公共服务,以"买来的"城镇化,提交了"小城镇大问题"的"另类"答卷;成为特大镇后,事实上的"城"与行政级别名义上的"镇"的矛盾,引发"大城镇大问题",尤其表现为基础设施与公共服务滞后,影响营商与人居环境。放权扩权式的改革,陷入"放权—收权"循环套,基础设施和公共服务滞后状况无法缓解;"撤镇设市"有利于改善营商与人居环境。但是,如何在更高起点上,达成行政体制与市场机制间的良性互动,仍然是龙港这座"小城市"的"大问题"。

Under the complex background of the multiple transformation in marketization,rural industrialization and urbanization,Longgang,a newly established town based on five small fishing villages,was forced to give a full utilization of the market mechanisms,which promoted trade by developing ports,enlarged manufacturing by commerce and expanded the town by industries.Therefore,it thrived rapidly as an important birthplace of Wenzhou Model and the first peasant city in China,and exemplified itself as a strong town with large population and prosperous economy,and a pilot one of the Nation’s initial reform plan on upgrading a town to a city.As an initial topic of small town with big problems by Fei Xiaotong,based on a follow up study of being at the site in person,observing,and listening,taking the approaches of in-depth interviews and participative observations,and making use of local archives and statistics,this paper intends to analyze the town’s deep-rooted plight and trace its entire process of transforming from town to city,by depicting its growth process and summarizing its experience.When Longgang grew into a strong town with large population and prosperous economy,the contradictions between the de facto city and nominal town at the administrative level triggered big towns with big problems,in which the backwardness in infrastructure and public services negatively impacted business and residential environment.The administrative reform fell into the vicious circle of delegating and retaking powers.The lagging situation of infrastructure and public services could not be effectively alleviated.Upgrading town to city will remarkably improve business and residential environment.How to form constructive interactions between administration and market mechanism at a higher starting point is still a big problem with Longgang,the small town.