日本如何预防公共卫生危机——基于地方政府的视角

A Study on the Prevention of Public Health Crises in Japan from the Perspective of Local Government

坚持预防为主,是世界主要国家在构建和完善公共卫生危机管理体制时所遵循的基本原则。被国际社会誉为"危机应对优等生"的日本,坚持将危机预防作为公共卫生危机管理最为核心的工作,并在地方层面构建起以保健所为核心的地方公共卫生危机预防机制,其核心举措包括依法实施日常监管、排摸和评估潜在风险、制定并完善公共卫生危机管理指导手册、构建并完善公共卫生危机应急管理机制、提升和强化公共卫生危机应急管理能力、制定和实施公共卫生危机应急演练预案。基于日本经验,我国在健全国家公共卫生应急管理体系的过程中,需要完善疫情危机预警发布机制、构建疫情危机依法防控体系、夯实疫情危机应急物资储备以及构筑疫情预防跨部门合作网络。

When establishing and improving the mechanism for public health crisis management,major countries in the world adhere to the basic principle of prevention first.Known to the international community as a role model for crisis response,Japan takes crisis prevention as the most essential task in public health crises management,and sets up a prevention mechanism at the local level for public health crises with Public Health Offices playing the core role in the mechanism.This paper explores six crucial measures of Japan’s prevention mechanism at the local level for public health crises,namely conducting daily supervision in accordance with law,tracking and evaluating potential risks,publishing and improving guidance on public health crisis management,establishing and upgrading the management mechanism for public health crisis response,strengthening the ability to respond to and manage public health crises,and formulating and implementing emergency response plan for public health crises.Based on Japan’s experience,as China strives to improve its mechanism for major epidemic prevention and control,it should perfect its crisis alert and release system,establish a law-based mechanism on prevention and control of epidemic diseases,ensure the adequate reserve of emergency supplies,and build a cooperation network among different government departments.