梁启超对专制体制批判之发覆

Liang Qichao’s Revelation of Criticism of the Autocratic System

学界对于梁启超政治思想重点关注的是他的"开明专制"论和他的民主思想,即"立"的方面的研究;而对他"破"的方面即其长期对专制体制的批判乃至坚决否定的历史面相,研究还十分薄弱。通过研究发现,梁启超大致从早年流亡日本明确提出"专制"这一概念到五四时期退出中国政治舞台的长期政治活动中,对中国历史和现实中的专制思想及其行为基本上是持批判和反对态度的。个别时期其表现有所波动,然"变"只是策略,不变的,则是反对专制这一思想主线。梁氏在中国近代社会大变革的历史潮流中,比较清晰而准确地把握了那个时代的国家体制症结、改革的主攻方向、国家与社会及国民的关系等,酝酿着如何突破近代中国面临的古今之变与中西之变交汇变革的瓶颈口。这在中国近代的反专制思想发展乃至中国近代政治思想史上,都是极具鲜明个性和时代特色的思想探索。梁启超的反专制思想,不仅在清末民初的社会变革与发展中产生过重大推动力和影响力,而且他的这一思想对中共成立前后的思想发展也具有不可忽视的意义。

The academic circle focuses on Liang Qichao’s enlightened autocracy theory and his democratic thought about his political thought,which was the study of the aspect of establishment.However,the research on the destructive aspect of his thought,his long-term criticism of the autocratic system and even firmly negative historical aspect,was still very weak.The present research has found that Liang Qichao was basically critical of and opposed to the autocratic thoughts and behaviors in Chinese history and reality during his long political activities from clearly putting forward the concept of despotism in his early exile in Japan to his withdrawal from China’s political arena in the May Fourth movement.Though his performance fluctuated in individual periods,change was just a strategy and what remained unchanged was the main line of anti-autocracy.In the historical trend of the great social changes in modern China,Liang Qichao clearly and accurately grasped the crux of the state system,the main direction of the reform,the relationship between the state,society and the people,et,and figured out how to break through the bottleneck between the changes of the past and the present and the changes of the east and the west in modern China.This was an ideological exploration with distinct personality and characteristics of the time in the development of antiautocracy thought in modern China and in the history of modern Chinese political thought.Liang Qichao’s anti-autocracy thought not only generated great impetus and influence on the social change and development in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China,but also had considerable significance to the development of the thoughts before and after the founding of the CPC.