从西北援军到京西北藩镇——新见《唐康忠信墓志》研究

From Northwest Reinforcements to Buffer Town Military Commanderies North and West of Chang’an——A Study of the Newly-Found Epitaph of Kang Zhongxin in Tang Dynasty

安史之乱后赴中原靖难的西北边军成为了京西北藩镇的重要力量,除了以安西、北庭兵为主构成的泾源节度以外,新见《唐康忠信墓志》显示出凤翔节度中也有部分河、陇旧卒。根据墓志所载,康忠信家族应是出身凉州的粟特人,父祖一直在河西、陇右任职,其父康缄有可能是参与了第二批入关的西北援军,大致是在屯驻陕州前后出任"安西、北庭、河西等军节度留后",这批西北援军也成为了后来的神策军节度的一部分。康忠信本人则是在德宗朝泾源之乱后,于兴元元年随神策行营节度使李晟驻扎凤翔,此后效力凤翔50余年,其兄弟、子嗣也都在凤翔军中,康氏家族经历了从河陇至凤翔的迁徙。康氏家族的经历为认识西北援军的分流以及新兴藩镇的建构提供了一个非常宝贵的实例。

After the An-Shi Rebellion(AD 755-763),the northwest frontier troops which went to the Central Plain to suppress the rebellion became a pivotal force in the buffer town military commanderies(fanzhen)to the north and west of Chang’an,capital of the Tang Empire.Among them,apart from Jingyuan Commandery which was mainly composed of Anxi and Beiting soldiers,there were also some old soldiers from Hexi and Longyou in Fengxiang Commandery,as is shown by the newly-found Epitaph of Kang Zhongxin.According to the epitaph,Kang Zhongxin’s family should be a Sogdian born in Liang Prefecture,and his father and ancestors had held office in Hexi and Longyou.His father Kang Jian may had participated in the second batch of northwest reinforcements coming to the Guanzhong Plain,and had been appointed as"interim military commissioner in the army of Anxi,Beiting and Hexi,"approximately when he stationed in Shan Prefecture.This batch of northwest reinforcements also made a part of the later Shence Army Commandery.After the Jingyuan Mutiny(AD 783)during the reign of Dezong,Kang Zhongxin himself was stationed in Fengxiang in 784 under the command of Li Sheng(李晟),the military commissioner of Shence Army,and thereafter served in Fengxiang for over 50 years.His brothers and children served also in Fengxiang army.The Kang family experienced the migration from Hexi and Longyou to Fengxiang,which provides a valuable case for understanding the diversion of northwest reinforcements and the construction of the new buffer towns.