结构、实质与哲学:人类学礼物研究的三种路径思考

Structure,Essence and Philosophy:The Thinking of Three Approaches to Anthropological Gift Research

礼物交换研究大致发端于博厄斯关于“夸富宴”的分析和马林诺夫斯基的“库拉圈”研究,随后被莫斯视为一种“全体呈献”而进入人类学的一般领域,成为人类学经典研究主题之一。20世纪以降,礼物研究涉及了三条路径:一是从结构主义、实质主义到马克思主义、关系主义的外在历程;二是探讨了礼物与商品、亲属制度、权威的关系以及礼物具有的不可让渡性、义务性、等级性等的内部研究;三是现象学本体论、伦理学与基督教神学关于礼物模式的哲学研究。伦理学的礼物研究指出了礼物在逻辑方面的矛盾,即礼物带来的道德束缚与自由意志间的冲突,由此为社会的伦理学基础提供了一个警示。礼物在中国的研究涉及人情伦理的关系性、伦理社会的工具性等,近年来又兴起了宗教与道德的讨论,从礼物之灵到宗教基本形式,为社会科学扩展互惠理论提供了更深层的研究视野。

The study of gift exchange originated from Boas’analysis of“Polatch”and Malinowski’s study of“Kula”.Later,it was regarded as a kind of“total presentation”by Mauss and entered the general field of anthropology,and became one of the classical topics of anthropology.Since the 20th century,gift research has involved three approaches:first,the external process from structuralism and essentialism to Marxism and relationism;second,the internal research on the relationship between gift and commodity,kinship system and authority,as well as the inalienability,obligation and hierarchy of gift;third,the philosophical study of the gift model from phenomenological ontology,ethics and Christian theology.The study of gift from ethics points out the logical contradiction of gift,that is,the conflict between moral bondage and free will brought by gift,which provides a warning for the ethical basis of society.The study of gift in China involves the relationship between human relationship and ethics,the instrumental nature of ethical society,etc.In recent years,there has been a discussion on religion and morality.From the spirit of gift to the basic form of religion,it provides a deeper research perspective for social science to expand the theory of reciprocity.