中国古代宗室墓志的书写嬗变及其原因探析

The Analysis of the Changes and Causes of the Writing of Ancient Chinese Clan Epitaphs

古代宗室因“天潢贵胄”的特殊身份,其墓志撰写往往别具一格。从内容上看,宗室墓志所重自南北朝至唐代的功绩与事业转向宋明的德行和才学,墓主形象也由“藩辅”演变为“弃物”。同时,唐代翰林学士院设立之后制度化的官方撰文方式,至北宋和明代仍是使宗室墓志篇幅短小,形式刻板单一,风格单调乏味的关键。而非官方撰文的南宋与明代郡王以下宗室的墓志形式与风格则无甚特异之处,仍能保持较强的传记文学色彩。可见不仅各历史阶段的宗室墓志皆自具特色,因宗室政策不同和撰文方式变化诸原因,同时期宗室群体内部的墓志撰写也呈现出极大差异。

Because of the special identity of the ancient royal family members, their epitaph writing is often of unique feature. From the point of view of content, the imperial epitaphs often focus on the merits and undertakings in the time of the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, and this trend turns to the virtues and talents in the Song and Ming Dynasties. The image of the tomb owner has also evolved from "Helper"to "Abandoned Person". At the same time, the institutionalized official style of writing after the establishment of Hanlin Academy of Sciences in Tang Dynasty was the key to making the imperial epitaph short in length,monotonous in form and monotonous in style in the Northern Song and Ming Dynasties. The epitaphs of ancient royal family members in the Southern Song Dynasty and those since the Ming Dynasty can still maintain a strong biographical literary color. It can be seen that not only the imperial epitaphs in different historical stages have their own characteristics, but also there are great differences in the writing of the epitaphs within the imperial clan groups at the same time because of the different policies and writing styles.