人民公社体制下农民经济行为研究

A Study on the Economic Behavior of Peasants under the System of People’s Commune

人民公社建立初期,由于不顾生产力的发展水平,盲目追求生产关系的高级形式,实行供给制和工资制相结合的分配方式,原先家庭劳力加强,生活相对富裕的农民收入得不到提高,引起他们的不满,生产消极,要求实行生产责任制;而贫农、下中农通过"社教"运动,在一定程度上对人民公社有所认同,但也有一部分贫农、下中农在生产困难面前,尤其是受到富裕农民的影响,对集体化道路摇摆不定。在人民公社调整时期,一些地区结合农业生产的实际,实行了包产到户的生产经营形式,在农业生产形势有所好转后,又受到批判而被禁止,挫伤了农民生产积极性。在"文革"期间,由于推行过"左"的路线,忽视了农民独立发展生产的需求,引起部分群众的不满。总体来看,国家在此过程中试图改变农民,而农民在一定程度上也促使了人民公社的某些制度向有利于社员群众切身利益提升的转向。

In the early days of the establishment of the people’s commune,because of blindly pursued the advanced form of the relations of production,regardless of the level of development of the productive forces,and carried out the distribution mode of combining the supply system with the wage system,the original family labor force was strengthened,and the income of the relatively wealthy peasants could not be increased,which caused their dissatisfaction and negative production,and called for the implementation of the production responsibility system;The poor peasants and the lower middle peasants,through the"socialist education"movement,had a certain degree to the people’s commune,but also a part of the poor peasants,the lower middle peasants were in front of the production difficulties,especially the influence of the rich peasants,and the collective road was wavered.During the adjustment period of the people’s commune,some areas implemented the form of production and management from contracted production to household according to the reality of agricultural production.After the agricultural production situation improved,it was criticized and banned,which dampened the enthusiasm of farmers in production.During the Cultural Revolution,because of carried out the"left"route,the demand of farmers to develop production independently was ignored,which aroused the dissatisfaction of some people.On the whole,the state tries to change the peasants in this process,and to a certain extent,the peasants had also promoted some systems of the people’s commune to promote the vital interests of the members of the masses.