宗教、政治社会化失灵与东亚政治转型:对韩国的个案研究

Religion,Failure of Political Socialization and Political Transformation in East Asia:A Case Study of ROK

东亚政治转型多关注经济发展产生的有利影响,对政治文化发挥的作用却有所争议。由于传统政治文化被认为更易于形成等级制的政治秩序,因此,政治文化“与时俱进”地转型也被看作是政治转型的重要前提。但文化转型并非一朝一夕能够完成,转型过程中文化内部张力的陡增甚至失控同样也是“不阻碍”政治转型的有利因素。有效的政治社会化利于形成支持性的政治文化,从而维持政治体系的发展,政治社会化的失灵则会导致政治文化内部张力的陡增,造成政治风险。政治文化的内部张力受到政治社会化机构数量增多、自主性提高以及政治体系的外部控制力下降三个因素的影响,政治亚文化分裂的出现加剧了这一内部张力,是政治社会化失灵的直接原因,成为引发政治转型的又一因素。韩国是东亚政治转型中的典型代表,基督教的传入与不断发展促成了国内“宗教+职业亚文化群体”的形成,在国家政治经济战略与教会人权原则的巨大矛盾下,教会引领工人开展抗争运动,政治亚文化分裂导致政府的政治社会化失灵、政治合法性垮塌,为韩国政治转型提供了重要契机。

Political transformation in East Asia focuses more on the beneficial effects of economic development than on the role of political culture.Since traditional political culture is believed to be easy to form a centralized and hierarchical political order,the transformation of political culture“with the times”is also regarded as an important prerequisite for political transformation.However,cultural transformation cannot be completed overnight,and the abrupt increase or even loss of control of cultural internal tension is also a favorable factor that“does not hinder”political transformation.Effective political socialization is conducive to the formation of supportive political culture to maintain the development of political system,while the failure of it will lead to the abrupt increase of internal tension causing political risks.The internal tension of political culture is influenced by the increasing number of political socialized institutions,the improvement of autonomy and the decline of external control of political system,while the emergence of political subculture division intensifies the tension,which results in the failure of political socialization and political transformation.As a typical example of political transformation in East Asia,ROK has seized the opportunity when the popularity of Christian advanced the subculture group formation of“religion+career,the church led workers to protest under the sharp contradiction between national political and economic strategy and ecclesiastical principle of human rights,and the split of political subculture caused the failure of political socialization and legality.