八旗汉军鼓乐文化之源考

On the Cultural Source of Drum Music of Han Army of the Eight Banners

八旗汉军是清王朝统治下形成的一个特殊的社会群体。虽为汉人,但随着被编入旗,其身份和地位也随之得以改变和提升。然而,在满人统治的天下,汉军旗人依然长期处于被歧视的境地。在这种尴尬的生存境遇下,烧香祭祖便是其寻求慰藉的唯一途径。因久与满人杂居,汉军旗人或客观熏染或主观模仿,其传统的祭祖习俗逐渐融入大量满人原始萨满的信仰元素,简单、淳朴的奠祭之仪披上了华丽而神秘的外衣,形成了一种既异于满又别于汉的独具特色的民俗事象。鼓是该仪式的核心祭器,从鼓之形制至贯穿始终的鼓乐中,均蕴含有许多满族原始萨满信仰的痕迹,但真正传递的是华夏民族千百年来承袭下来的“中和”的处事智慧与“孝亲”的伦理观念,这是汉族传统文化的精髓。

Han army of the Eight Banners was a special group in Qing Dynasty.Under the ruling of the Manchus,people of Han Banner were discriminated though they had higher status after reorganized into the military system.In such an awkward living situation,burning incense and offering sacrifices to ancestors became the only way to for them to find consolation.Due to the long-term mixed habitation,the ancestor worship custom had integrated with a large number of Shaman elements,which made it luxuriant,mysterious and distinctive.As the core sacrificial utensil in the ritual,the shape and the use of drums were strictly regulated in the drum music full of traces of original Shamanism.However,what the drum music really conveys is the essence of the traditional culture of the Han nationality,namely the wisdom of“harmony”and the concept of“filial piety”inherited by the Chinese nation for thousands of years.