杜诗学史上的“以杜证杜”方法论

The Methodology of“Yi Du Zheng Du”in the History of Du Fu's Poetics

在杜诗学史上,“以杜证杜”是和“诗史互证”相比肩的注释方法,此法来源于校勘学中的本证法,最初只用于校经校史,到了宋代方被移植到杜诗注释之中。当对杜诗本意众说纷纭、莫衷一是时,使用“以杜证杜”法往往能收到一锤定音、立竿见影之效,可以有效避免主观臆测、牵强附会之弊,表明此法具有其他注释方法所不具备的独特优势。然而由于杜诗存世数量有限,此法存在不能完全互证的先天缺陷;而且作为一种本证法和内证法,“以杜证杜”需要与外证法结合起来,才能发挥更大的效用。另外,受到留存诗歌的完整性以及创作手法写实性的影响,“以杜证杜”并不具备无限推广的普适性。不过此法仍被历代注家发挥出极大的效能,对推动杜诗学的发展做出了巨大贡献,其经验和教训都可以作为古典诗歌注释的重要参考。

The origin of“Yi Du Zheng Du”can be traced back to the method of self-proof reading used by Liu Xiang when he proofread the scriptures in the Han Dynasty.This method was generally used for proofreading the scriptures and history books,but it was gradually transplanted into Du Shi's notes.In the history of Du's poetics,the method of“Yi Du Zheng Du”has gone through a long historical evolution process.Successive commentators using this method often received immediate results,which solved many difficult issues in the commentary of Du poetics'comment.Though this method has unique advantages that other annotation methods do not have,it also has inherent limitations which can only be used as side evidence,and has no universality for unlimited promotion.But its experience and lessons can still be used as an important reference for the commentators of classical poetry.