从“自在整体性”走向“自为整体性”--“碎片化”世界工匠精神培育的现代性困境与中国方案

From“Free Holism”to“Self Holism”——The Dilemma of Modernity in the Cultivation of Craftsman Spirit in the Fragmented World and China’s Plan

现代性在创造辉煌物质世界的同时,给现代工匠精神培育提供了一个迥异于传统社会的历史新境遇:碎片化世界。其消解了工匠精神生成的“整体性”基础,却提高了对工匠精神的期待,造成了工匠精神培育的“整体性”需求与现实“碎片化”之间的矛盾。西方社会从17世纪便展开了克服“碎片化”困境的探索,如德国的“双元制”、英国的“现代学徒制”、日本的“新学徒制”、澳大利亚的“合作教育”、美国的“企业培训”等,虽然实现了工匠精神培育方式的现代蜕变,并成功培育了大批卓越工匠,但被“资本”逻辑以及“物”的逻辑所左右,未能彻底解决“碎片化”难题。这一困境只能依赖于中国特有的整体主义文化观念、以人民为中心的制度优势,走一条从“自在整体性”向“自为整体性”的全新道路。

While creating a brilliant material world,modernity provides a new historical situation different from traditional society for the cultivation of modern craftsman spirit:fragmented world.It dispels the“integrity”foundation of craftsman’s spirit,but raises the expectation of craftsman’s spirit,which results in the contradiction between the“integrity”demand of craftsman’s spirit cultivation and the“fragmentation”of reality.Since the 17th century,western society has been exploring ways to overcome the“fragmentation”dilemma,such as the“dual system”in Germany,the“modern apprenticeship”in Britain,the“New Apprenticeship”in Japan,the“cooperative education”in Australia,and the“enterprise training”in the United States.Although it has realized the modern transformation of the cultivation mode of craftsmanship spirit,and has successfully cultivated a large number of outstanding craftsmen,due to the fact that the logic of“capital”and the logic of“things”fail to completely solve the problem of“fragmentation”.This dilemma can only rely on China’s unique holism cultural concept and people-centered institutional advantage,and take a new road from“free holism”to“self holism”.