行政诉讼对刑事执行进行监督的法理

The Legal Principle of the Supervision of Criminal Execution by Administrative Litigation

我国多元化的刑事执行体制蕴含着对行刑权的非独立性考量。刑事执行权被天然地视为刑事司法权,由此建立的刑事执行监督是一种诉讼监督,体现为一种刑事诉讼内部权力制约机制,即检察机关的一元化监督。这一制度设计不合法理,亦与现代法治发展相悖,其在现实运行中问题丛生。统一刑罚执行体制建设不仅要求刑事执行机关的统一,更呼吁刑事执行权的独立性。在法理上,包括行刑权在内的刑罚权不能作刑事司法权的理解,否则不符现代国家权力分权制衡原则。行刑权的行政权本质决定着刑事执行的行政行为的性质,行政诉讼由此介入刑事执行监督具有正当性。刑事执行监督体制改革的一个方向,就是恢复被执行人在刑事执行中应有的行政法律关系主体地位,对此,破除特别权力关系的消极思想势在必行。行政诉讼是对刑罚权中刑事执行权行使合法性的审查机制,刑事诉讼是对刑罚权中刑事公诉权行使合法性的审查机制,从某种意义上来讲,行政诉讼和刑事诉讼都是刑罚权行使合法性的证成机制。

The diversified criminal execution system in China contains non-independence consideration of the power of criminal execution.The power of criminal execution is naturally regarded as criminal jurisdiction.The criminal execution supervision thus established is a kind of litigation supervision,which is embodied as a mechanism of internal power control of criminal procedure,that is,the unified supervision of the procuratorial organ.The design of this system is not in line with legal theory and contradicts the development of modern rule of law,and its problems arise in the actual operation.The construction of a unified criminal execution system not only requires the unification of criminal execution organs,but also calls for the independence of criminal execution power.The power of punishment,including the power of criminal execution,cannot be understood as the power of criminal jurisdiction,otherwise it does not conform to the principle of modern state power separation and balance.The nature of the executive power of the criminal execution power determines the nature of the criminal administrative act,so it is justified that the administrative litigation is involved in the supervision of criminal execution.One direction of the reform of the criminal execution supervision system is to restore the subject status of the administrative law relationship that the executed person should have in criminal execution.In this regard,it is imperative to break the negative thinking of the special power relationship.Administrative litigation is a review mechanism for the legality of criminal execution power in the power of punishment,and criminal procedure is a review mechanism for the legality of criminal public prosecution power in the power of punishment.In a sense,administrative litigation and criminal procedure are both justification mechanisms for the legality of the exercise of criminal power.